Teachers' course in Latin composition

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I

TEACHERS' COURSE

IN

LATIN COMPOSITION

BY

H. C. NUTTING

ASSISTANT Pt^OPlMsOR OF LATIN IN THB
UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA

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ALLYN AND BACON

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO

ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO

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"K f

COPTRIGHT, .1922

By H. C. NumNQ

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PREFATORY NOTE

f

It has been the writer's privilege to teach all
grades of Latin composition in college for a period
of about twenty years. His first experience was
with a freshman class so huge that it required divi-
sion into four sections of about thirty students each.
Happily for the raw instructor, the reader appointed
to assist him proved to be a man of imtiring indus-
try, who willingly compiled and presented weekly
a list of "the mistakes most commonly made.''

These lists were filed away at the time without
full appreciation of their real value. It was only
when subsequent classes developed very similar
lists of common mistakes that it was borne in upon
the writer that he was dealing with liability to
error that could be very accurately defined.

This liability to error rests on various grounds, e.g.
the simple fact that certain combinations are rarely
met with in the ordinary roimd. Thus most stu-
dents are perfectly familiar with the general prin-
ciple that the nominative and the accusative of a
neuter are identical in form; but it is a foregone
conclusion that somebody will make a mistake in

• • •

ui

M127519

iv Prefatory Note

the form of the participle, if the class is assigned a
phrase requiring the rendering ad oppidum flagrans.

Or again, false analogy may be at the root of the
trouble. Every year a number of students will fail
in the spelling of the form cives, apparently for the
moment conceiving the stem of the word as civit —
(or is there contamination from Quirites?). A
similar situation develops with the accusative sin-
gular feminine of salmts, which repeatedly is written
salutem. More curious still is the substitution of
forms of nonus (or novem) for nevus.

But, whatever the cause, these mistakes recur in
regular waves, and it is possible to bring them within
the limits of a concrete scheme, where they may be
considered at leisure with a view to adopting meas-
ures for their correction.

Inasmuch as it is a more valuable service to pre-
vent the formation of a bad habit than to correct it
when formed, it would seem in the present connec-
tion to be of the first importance to bring this mate-
rial to the attention of the prospective teachers of
Latin composition. If they are forewarned as to
the p>oints where their pupils are likely to go astray,
a good deal of incipient trouble may be nipped in
the bud.

The first place in the volume is given to a Gram-
matical Conspectus, in which the material gleaned

Prefatory Note

from experience with successive classes is arranged
in orderly sequence. In this table the reader may
miss the fully rounded symmetry of an ideal a priori
grammatical outline; but to the writer it has seemed
best to admit only those words and uses which have
been found to occasion trouble in actual class-room
practice.

Under the caption, "Suggestions for Use of Mate-
rial" directions are given in detail for the conduct of
such a course for prospective teachers as will force a
practical working acquaintance with the matters
included in the Grammatical Conspectus.

To provide opportunity for necessary practice in
writing, three short sets of English-Latin Exercises
are appended. In these the vocabulary employed
is designedly confined to words in common use, any-
thing unusual being given in a footnote. For com-
pleteness a general vocabulary is added at the end
of the volume. This should be consulted only in
case of real need.

H. C, N.
January, 1922

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I

PAoa

Graiocatical Conbpectub 1

Suggestions for Use of Material .... 9

English-Latin Exercises

Part I . 26

Part II 48

Part m 59

Vocabulary . 77

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» • • •

• • •

TEACHERS' COURSE IN
LATIN COMPOSITION

GRAMMATICAL CONSPECTUS

A. FORMS
I. Verbs

(a) Verbs confused

audeo: audio

consisto: constituo

fugio: fugo

iaceo: iacio

mcrior: moror

nanciscor: nascor (perf.

part.J
ordior: orior {perf. part.)
resisto: restituo
vincio : vinco {perf, and perf.

part,)

(h) Mistakes in spelling
1. General

adiuvo {perf, and perf.

part,)
adorior (perf. part,)
caedo and compounds {perf,

and perf, part,)

cognosce {perf. part,)

cogo {perf, part.)

complector {perf. part.)

creo (treated as of 2d
conj.)

cupio {pres, infin., imperf,
svbj.)

fero {gerundive)

fio (3d persons f espc. imperf,
sithj.)

mitto {perf. and perf. paH.)

morior {perf. andfiU. parti-
ciples)

moveo {perf. part.)

nolo {pres. infin., imperf.
svbj.)

progredior {perf. part.)

utor {perf. part.)

veiiio {perf, and ftU, parti-
ciples)

verto {perf, and perf, part,)

• • • »
• • •
_ • • •

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• • •

••

• • • •

• • •

» • »
* •

• 1. •

» • . •

• •

• • • y ' ' 'Latin Composition

2. Perfects

attdeo

cedo and compounds

comprehendo

decemo

dice (perhaps confused w.
dice)

do

duco

exstiiiguo

fugio

fundo

incendo

iubeo

lego and compounds ^

maneo

ostendo

pello and compounds

pono

relinqtto

reperio

respondeo

rumpo and compounds

sentio

sisto (compoimds)

soleo (and perhaps confu-
sion with solvo ')

stemo

sto and compounds

vivo

3. Infinitives

Pres. pass. Sd conj.

Fut. pass, all conjugations

(c) Mistakes in use

1. Transitive and intransi-
tive confused

augeo vs. cresco
deduco vs. e.g. discedo

(' withdraw ')
incendo vs. ardeo or fla-

gro
reddo vs. redeo (espec.

M)

relinqtto vs. discedo
(' leave ')

spargo vs. discedo (' scat-
ter')

Cf . circttmdo vs. drcttmeo

2. Passive svbstitvles ig-
nored

doceo : disco (?)
f acio : fio
perdo : pereo
sino: licet
vendo : veneo

^ Especially diligp (vs. deligo), intellego, neglego.
> Sometimes active form manufactured; sometimes lolutus sum
written.

Grammatical Conspectus

3. Perfect passive parti-

ciple as active

4. Deponent perfect parti-

ciple as passive

5. General

coepi : (a) neglected in fa-
vor of incepi

(b) act. where pass,
required ^

coniungere: for se con-
iungere

dice with negative: for
nego

memoro. commemoro: for

memim
patior with construction

of potior
proficiscor with infin.: for

contendo ('set out')
revertor: as deponent in

perf.
revoco: for memini or

recordor
servo with construction of

servio
utor: as pass, (for ustu

stun^ or usurpor)
vertere : for se vertere

^

II. Nouns
(a) Nouns confused (b) Mistakes in spelling

aetas : aestas
concilium : consilitun
consul : consulatus
eques : equitatus
iter (iterum)
iuvenis: iuventus
liberi : libri
odium: otium

1. Accusative singular

neiUer
caput
corpus
flumen
foedus
iter
rus

pecus (-oris) and (-udis) tempus
vires : viri vulgus

^ I.e. when the dependent infiniHve is passive (not deponent), e.g.
Clamor exaudiri coeptus est.
* Cf . odi and odio sum.

Latin Composition

2. AcctLsative singular

proper names in -er,
e.g. Alexander

3. Other forms

anna (as /em. sing.)
castra (as fem. sing, and

plu.)
civis O^ngthened form

nom. and ace. plu.)
lapis igen, plu.)
locus (plti.)
miles {gen. plu.)
munus {plu. as masc.)

pater (ace. sing.)
senez (oblique cases)
telum {plu. as masc.)

(c) Mistakes in use

aedes : sing, vs. plu.
copia: sing. vs. p/t^.
littera : sing. vs. p/t^.
nemo: defective parts for

nuUus
ops: sing. vs. plu.
populus: (even plu.) for

homines (or omit)
vis: sing, vs. plu.

III. Pronouns and Adjectives

(a) Pronouns and adjec-
tives confused
noYus : vs. nonus and no-

vem
salvus: (salutem written

as ace, fem. sing.)
tot, tantus: totus, tutus

(&) Mistakes in spelling

1. Third decl. adjs. abl.

sing.

2. Third decl. adjs. and
pres. part. neut. sing. ace.

3. Comparison

bonus
* celeber {superl.)
celeriter {superl.)
inferior
locuples ^
magnus
malus
parvus

pulcher {compar.)
salubris {superU)
similis, etc., and vs. other
adjs. in -lis

' Irregular superl. manufactured by student,
s Properly made on the collateral form saluber.

Grammatical Conspectus

4. Neut sing, nom, and (c) Mistakes in use

^^^' 1. Feminine adjectives with

masculine nouns in -a

alius

iUe

. X 2. Masculine adjectives

with manus, domus, etc.
•J • (jreneTOb

is : dat. sing. 3. Reflexive for demonstror
propior: with added r ^^'«^» «^ ^^^^ «^«^««'

quendam, etc., spelled 4. General

with m for n alii : vs. ceteri and reliqui

totus, unus: gen, and dat. certus: vs. quidam

sing. omnis: vs. totus

IV. Other Forms
duo : declension of word mille : milia '

B. SYNTAX
I. Verbs

1. Tenses in main fed subjunctive in primary
clauses, especially perfect sequence «

and imperfect (h) In purpose and re-

2. Sequence of tenses suit clauses *

(a) Proper use of per- (c) Sequence of perfect

* The following is a convenient working rule : A reflexive normally
refers to the subject of its own clause. But in certain subordinate
clauses it is required in references to the subject of the governing
clause. These are:

1. Indirect discourse 3. Purpose clause

2. Indirect question 4. Complementary infin.

5. Clause with verb of fearing

» The former is usually an adjective, the latter a noun (with
genitive).

* E.g. in sentence: "I know what they did."

* Seldom anything but pres. and imperf. subj. to be used.

Latin Composition

infinitive in indirect dis-
course when governing
verb is primary ^

(d) Sequence of perfect
subjunctive representing
perfect indicative *

(e) Proper use of sec-
ondary tenses of subjunc-
tive in conditions future
from a point in the
past »

(J) Sequence of imper-
fect subjunctive used in
present contrary to fact
conditions and wishes

3. Questions

(a) Indirect question vs.
relative clause

(6) Double question vs.
single question with alter-
native *

4. Complementary • in-

finitive and infinitive in
noun uses*

(a) Use of subject ac-
cusative

(b) Confused with use
of future infinitive (the lat-
ter only in indirect dis-
course) '

(c) Regular use of pres-
ent tense with past tenses
of debeo, licet, oportet and
possum •

5. Purpose clauses (vs.
infinitive)

6. Gerundive vs. gerund
(especially with ad and
causa)

7. With verbs of fearing
(ut vs. ne non •)

8. Contrary to fact con-
ditions in indirect dis-
course

1 E.g. in sentence: "I know that they were recalled when leaving

the town."
> E.g. in sentence: "I know where they went to meet him."
>E.g. in sentence: "I knew that they would come, if they

could."

* I.e. "Is it A or (is it) B?" vs. "Is it (either) A or B?"

s For composition purposes, it has been found convenient to in-
clude under 'complementary' the infin. with such verbs as iubeo.
« Not indirect discourse.

7 E.g. in sentence: "I wished that they would go."
< E.g. in sentence: "I might have gone."

* The latter when the verb of fearing itself is negative.

Grammatical Conspectus

(a) Form of apodosis *
(6) Use of periphrasis *
9. Other constructions
(a) dum with pres. in-
die, in past narration
(6) non dubito with in-

fin.; and with quin and
stibjunct,

(c) postquam vs. cum
in expressions of antece-
dence '

II. Nouns

1. Quality expressions

5. Case use with various

(a) Need of modifier *

verbs

(b) When modifier is

(a) iuvo, laedo

par or any adj. in -is »

(6) adorior, adiuvo, con-

2. Ablative absolute:

servo, mvenio, oppugno

limitation of use *

(c) interest (impers.);

3. Predicate nominative

vs. dot.

with fio and the passive of

(d) doceo ; vs. peto and

verbs like appello

quaero

4. Case with impersonal

6. amplius, plus, minus,

passives (including gerun-

longius: parenthetical in

dive)

numerical expressions

invideo

7. Appositive attracted

noceo

into relative clause '

pareo

8. causa and gratia:

persuadeo

position with gerund and

redsto

gerundive

utor

^ The form -iirus fuisse practically the only one in use.
> I.e. when the verb is passive or lacks supine stem ; and optional
elsewhere.

* I.e. emphasized with cum, even where the English does not in-
dicate it: but the reverse with postquam, ubi, ut, etc.

* True of both gen. and abl. > Ablative then regularly chosen.

* I.e. subject must not be referred to in main clause.

f E.g. in sentence: " They came to Rome, a city which is situated
on the Tiber " (quae urbs, etc).

8 Latin Composition

III. Pronouns

1. Possessive with predicate noun «
(a) frequency » 3. Forms with postposi-
(6) order « tive cum *

2. Relative: agreement

IV. Adverbs, Etc.

1. Postpositives olim: semel

2. Expressions confused simul : statim (' at once ') ^
cotidie : in dies (^ daily ') > umquam : semper (^ ever ') «
diu : longe C long ') * 3. Use of ne . . . quidem
numquam : nusquam

1 Much less frequent than the corresponding words in English.
' Precede noun to translate * his own,' * her own,' etc.
s E.g. locus, quod Brundisium appeUatur.

4 I.e. the ahl. of qui and the personal and reflex, pronouns.

5 The latter indicating progression.
> Time and space.

7 E.g. in sentence: " He was at once (simul) bravest and best."
» E.g. " He was ever (semper) the bravest."

SUGGESTIONS. FOR USE OF

MATERIAL

I. PRELIMINARY STUDY

' While it is quite j>ossibIe for a class to use this
text without special preparation, in most cases it
will be found very helpful to make first a rapid sur-
vey of the constructions usually treated in the Latin
high school course.

No time need be spent, of course, on such elemen-
tary matters as subject and predicate, direct object,
and the like, where English and Latin grammar are
in substantial agreement. Rather, attention should
be given to constructions that require explanation,
in other words, constructions that present a teaching
problem. Such are the double accusative with
doceo, the dative with verbs like servio, and the apn
parent reversal of conjunctions in clauses dependent
upon verbs of fearing.

Admitting rather freely to a place in the list, the
sum total of points thus calling for consideration
would not far exceed ninety. These are best brought
into play by means of short English sentences ^hich
the class is to render into Latin.i In making these

^ A typical list, with English sentences designed to test the
points involved, may be found in the author's Supplementary
Latin Composition.

9

10 Latin Composition

renderings, the members of the class should aim not
merely at a correct version, but also should inwardly
be facing the question : "If I were teaching this con-
struction, how could I best present it to my pupils? "
If it happens that some of the persons enrolled have
already had actual experience in teaching Latin
composition, this is an added advantage. For the
work \^ill then take on the character of an open fo-
rum, in which all sides of a subject may be thor-
oughly discussed.

In any case, a half dozen periods devoted to work
of this sort will be time well spent. The discussions
work out somewhat in the following fashion :

(a) Mood with quod and quia. Under this head,
the time-honored tradition is: "The indicative is
used when the reason is on the authority of the
speaker or writer." This rule usually serves well
enough until some really thoughtful student begins to
reason about it, and then trouble develops. Suppose
the following sentence set for analysis : "Washington
fell back from Trenton because supplies were low."
The good student argues thus : " The speaker or
writer of this sentence could not have secured the
infor^iation at first hand ; therefore, since he is re-
porting another, the reason given is not on his author-
ity." Hence he chooses the subjunctive mood.

The situation is saved by a very slight change of
wording, namely : "The indicative is used when the

Suggestions 1 1

speaker, so far as in him lies, vouches for the reason/'
Even the dullest student will see at once the differ-
ence between "Washington fell back because supplies
were low" and "Washington fell back on the ground
that supplies were low," the latter calling for the
subjunctive.^

(b) The use of mea, tua, etc. with refert and in-
terest. This mysterious combination yields easily
to treatment when it is j>ointed out that, historically,
the ablative construction began with refert and
spread to interest; further, that the first e of refert
is long, showing that we have to do here, not with
the prefix rS-, but rather (in all probability) with a
case-form of the noun res. While this explanation
may not be exhaustive, still it goes far toward vin-
dicating the reasonableness of the use of the ablative
singular feminine.

(c) The case use with verbs like servio and opitulor.
In view of the English renderings commonly used, the
dative with verbs of this class must seem to many

1 A somewhat similar difficulty results from the careless phras-
ing used in discussing the implication of various interrogative
particles; e.g. nonne is said to 'expect' an affirmative answer.
But the thoughtful student is again thrown off the track. When
a mother induces a child to swallow something it probably will
not relish, she may say: "Now, dear, wasn't that nice?" and un-
questionably nonne is the word to use. But the mother cannot
be said to expect an affirmative answer (probably she does not).
Rather, she selects a form that auggeaU an affirmative answer.
These are two quite different things.

12 Latin Composition

young students an evidence of abnormal psychology
on the part of the Romans. It is a simple matter
to show that the English renderings are in many cases
inexact, and that the real meaning of the Latin verbs
is quite in accord with the case chosen. Thus, in
early Latin^ servire is used to balance libertus esse
in the same sentence, the former signifying ' to be a
slave,' the latter ' to be a freedman.' If servio, then,
means ' be a slave/ * be in bondage,' or even ' work
(for),' why should it not govern the dative? When
once this aspect of the case has been pointed out, it
is surprising to find how often one of these mean-
ings shines out in passages where we have long been
content with the rendering 'serve.' With opitulor
the situation is somewhat different ; but the reason
for the use of the dative is even more obvious. For
the verb is manifestly a compound, and practically
nothing more than the phrase opem fero, with which
the use of the dative is taken as a matter of course.

II. MASTERY OF THE GRAMMATICAL

CONSPECTUS

After completing the preliminary review above
recommended, the next step is to become thoroughly
familiar with the additional points enumerated in the
Grammatical Conspectus, which must be worked
through carefully, making sure that the exact bearing

Suggestions

13

of each item is understood. Then, omitting all explan-
atory matter, and reducing everything to the smallest
compass j>ossible, the whole scheme should be ab-
stracted on two large sheets of paper, so that the stu-
dent may have his material in such form that anything
can be located at a glance. This is a necessary pre-
liminary to the two steps next to be taken.

By writing in a small clear hand, it will be found
possible to include all the material on two pages of
standard letter size. It is suggested that the pages
be divided as follows, retaining the numbering and
lettering used in the original :

I. Verbs

A. Forms

I. (a)

(b)

(c)

II. (o)

(b)

(c)

III. (o)

(b)

(c)

IV

B. Syntax

II. Nouns

III. Pronouns,
etc.

IV. Adverbs,
etc.

14 Latin Composition

i

After carefully examining and abstracting the
Grammatical Conspectus, the student may test his
mastery of the same by using some of the English-
Latin Exercises of this book. It will be noted that
these Exercises are divided into three groups of about
equal difficulty. In each Part the opening Exercises
are short and simple, with subsequent increase in
length and complexity.

Probably no class will need to write more than the
Exercises of a single Part, and the book can therefore
be used in successive years without repetition in this
particular. The instructor may find that some
classes have developed suflScient proficiency before
completing a Part. In such cases it will be well to
pass at once to the next phase of the work soon to be
described.

How the use of the Exercises makes for mastery of
the Grammatical Conspectus may be illustrated
briefly by consideration of such sentences as the
following :

1. Balbus ought to have eet out with three thou-
sand soldiers.
Balbus cum tribus milibus militum proficisci
debuit.

Here three j>oints are reviewed, namely : (1) the
proper tense of the infinitive with debuit ; (2) the
fact that miUa is a noun, with genitive modifier ; and
(3) the spelling of the genitive plural of miles.

Suggestions 15

2. Our forces increase in number daily, and Caesar

will soon return.
Copiae nostrae in dies numero crescunt; ac Cae-
sar brevi redibit.

Again three points are recalled : (1) 'increase' is
intransitive, hence crescunt ; (2) ' daily ' marks pro-
gression, hence in dies; (3) 'return' is intransitive,
hence redibit.

3. He says that ships would have been sent, if the

enemy had burned the other houses (domus)
also.
Dicit futurum fuisse ut naves mitterentur, si
bostes ceteras quoque domus incendissent

This sentence brings into play the following fac-
tors : (1) contrary to fact in indirect discourse,
with passive verb in apodosis, hence use of the peri-
phrasis; (2) 'burn' is transitive, hence incendissent;
(3) spelling of the perfect tense of incendo ; (4) 'the
other,' hence not alias; (6) agreement of adj. (fern.)
with domus.

As intimated above, not all classes make equally
rapid progress in the mastery of the material out-
lined in the Grammatical Conspectus. In no case
should the next process be attempted until the
student is thoroughly familiar with everything there
involved.

16 Latin Composition

III. WRITING OF ENGLISH-LATIN

EXERCISES

This is the most difficult part of the course ; but,
for the best students, it is also the most fascinating.
The problem now before the class is to construct
simple passages of English that will test effectively
the weak points in Latin composition.

The shorter exercises in the three Parts of this
volume give a very fair idea of what should be
aimed at under this head ; but probably some sug-
gestions as to details of procedure will be helpful.

The instructor first selects a suitable bit of Latin
text. This he assigns to the class as the basis for
the next exercise, all to work upon the same passage.
Experience has demonstrated the desirability of
giving the student some very specific instructions as
to how to go about his task, namely:

(1) Make a careful study of the Latin passage,
allowing it to lie under the eye for several days.

(a) Note and underline in the text, as it stands,
all the forms and constructions that seem worth
incorporating in an exercise. Here should be
taken into account, not only the Grammatical
Conspectus, but also the ground covered in the
preliminary review. (The student will often be
surprised to find how much material for his pur-
pose a random passage of Latin will provide.)

Suggestions 17

(5) Consider how, by additions or by slight
changes, the text might be better adapted to the
purpose in view. It matters little if liberties
are taken with the Latin story; for it is not here
a question of writing history. Any change of
subject-matter is justified, if it makes for a better
composition exercise.

(c) Mark for elimination all rare and doubtful
constructions.

(2) Write out an English exercise based on the
Latin text.

(a) Be careful to make a clear and coherent
story. It will help a little to this end, if the story
is given a name. Still better, read the English to
some person unacquainted with the Latin text.
This will disclose at once any lack of clarity.

(6) Avoid all involved and complex structure.
Rather short sentences are best; and the exercises
themselves should not exceed one hundred and
fifty words. (Brevity will be found a hard vir-
tue here; for the shorter the exercise, the more dif-
ficult it is to bring in all the points desired, at the
same time meeting the requirements of English
composition.)

(c) Make discriminating use of footnotes, e.g.
(a) To save a prospective user of the exer-

18 Latin Composition

cise the trouble of looking up a rare
word.

(j8) To suggest a literal rendering, where
the English of the text is rather idio-
matic. (This expedient makes for better
English in the text of the exercise.)

(7) To make sure that the prospective
user of the exercise will choose the Latin
word essential to the test the writer has
in mind. E.g. if it is desired that the
phrase ' order that no one ' be rendered
imperare ne quis, it is necessary to sug-
gest impero in a footnote, for otherwise
many will choose iubeo, which calls for
a different construction.

{d) Underline the words and phrases that illus-
trate points to be tested. (This makes it easy
for a writer to present his ideas rapidly, if called
upon in a class exercise.)

(3) Make an exact translation into Latin of the
English exercise.

(4) Bring to class: (a) the original Latin text;
(b) the English exercise; and (c) the Latin trans-
lation.

The class procedure may well take on seminar
character. Though all the participants have been
working upon the same Latin passage, no two of the

Suggestions 19

English exercises will be alike ; and members of the
class may be called upon hi turn to present their con-
tributions, explaining what is involved in them, and
to what extent they are based directly upon the orig-
inal Latin or in what particulars they deviate from
it. And the fact that the starting point is the same
for all makes possible a lively and profitable discus-
sion, bringing out the varied possibilities of the
Latin text.

* Hf Hf 4(.4( ♦ ifc «

Scattered through his general reading the instruc-
tor will find many short Latin passages suited to this
use. In general, brief bits of narrative are to be pre-
ferred ; for passages abstract in thought are not easily
handled by a class. Good material is abundant in
Cicero's speeches and philosophical works, in the out-
lying parts of Caesar's writings, and in Nepos. A
single example will suffice :

Nepos, Han. 11. 4 fiF. : Horum in concursu Bithyni
Hannibalis praecepto universi navem Eumenis
adoriuntur. Quorum vim rex cum sustinere non
posset, fuga salutem petiit; quam consecutus non
asset nisi intra sua praesidia se recepisset, quae in
proximo litore erant collocata. Reliquae Perga-
menae naves cum adversaries premerent acrius, re-
pente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibus supra mentionem
fecimus, conici coepta sunt. Quae iacta initio risum
pugnantibus concitarunt neque quare id fieret poterat
intellegi. Postquam autem naves suas oppletas

20

Latin Composition

conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, cum
quid potissimum vitarent non viderent, puppes verte-
runt seque ad sua castra nautica rettulerunt. Sic
Hannibal consilio arma Pergamenorum superavit,
neque turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis
pari prudentia pepulit adversarios.

Aside from the routine of grammatical phenomena,
this little passage twenty times or more illustrates
points included in the Grammatical Conspectus. In
the order of the text these are as follows :

adoriuntur ; transitive
compound of ad-.

vim; vs. plu,

sustinere; transitive com-
pound of sub-.

consecutus asset; transi-
tive compound of con-.

se recepisset; vs. de-
duce ('withdraw')-

Reliquae ; vs. aliae.

conici ; transitive com-
pound of con-. Also
form of pres, pass, infin,
3d conjug,

coepta sunt; passive be-
cause of conici.

fieret; form.

intellegi; transitive com-
pound of inter-; also
form of pres, pass, infin.
3d conjug.

autem ; postpositive.

oppletas; transitive com-
pound of ob-.

conspexerunt ; transitive
compound of con- ; also
tense with postquam.

verterunt; spelling.

castra; vs. Jem,

consilio; vs. concilio.

arma ; vs. fern,

copiis; vs. sing.

pari; spelling of abl,

pepulit; spelling.

To the points already involved in a text others
often may be added by introducing slight changes.
For example^ in the above passage :

Suggestions 21

1. Hannibalis praecepto . . . adoriuntar; change
to ' Hannibal ordered (iubeo) that they should attack/
thus testing the tense of the infinitive (Hannibal
ittssit eos adoriri).

2. navem Eumenis; add 'alone' (solus)^ calling for
genitive form solius.

3. quam consecutus nonesset, etc.; throw into indirect
discourse by prefixing ' many people think that.' This
will test also the proper treatment of the word 'people'
in such connections.

4. Quae iacta; substitute 'a thing (res) which/ call-
ing for incorporation in the relative clause (quae res).

5. serpentibus; add 'so many/ giving a. chance to
write the indeclinable tot.

IV. SUPPLEMENTARY WORK

If time allows, the work of the course as aoove
outlined may well be supplemented by a study of
Latin phrases and idioms. Without upholding the
procedure, we must all admit that the majority of
Latin students acquire their knowledge of the lan-
guage a word at a time. From this it follows that
many of them, having once paired an English word
and a Latin word in their minds, are inclined to throw
one of the pair into the breach whenever its fellow
appears. This sometimes makes sheer nonsense,
and again very poor English.

Not to mention such unbelievable (yet actual)
atrocities as humi quod for 'on the ground that,'

22 Latin Composition

sum iens scribere for 'I am going to write/ and
cives in corpore for 'the citizens in a body/ the
Grammatical Conspectus reveals less culpable weak-
ness of the same general character ; e.g. the tendency
of students to render 'ever' uniformly by umquam,
without noting that 'ever' sometimes means 'always/
requiring then, of course, the translation semper.
Again, many students seem to have in mind but one
word to render 'increase ' into Latin, thus falling into
the error of using cresco when ' increase ' is transitive,
or augeo when it is intransitive.

It is extremely desirable that the prospective
teacher of Latin be forewarned as to this common
failing on the part of the secondary school student.
A little care and attention expended here will do
much for the establishment of habits of clear think-
ing and exact expression. For there is no diffi-
culty in demonstrating to any class the utter futil-
ity of attempting the work of translation on
the basis of a mere mechanical replacing of in-
dividual words by unvarying substitutes in another
language.

A simple and convincing illustration is found in
the two-word groups made up of noun and adjective ;
and a case in point is incorporated in Miss Sabin's
Relation of Latin to Practical Life, page 28, where
the adjective magnus is coupled with a great variety
of nouns. At a glance it is manifest that any " stand-

Suggestions 23

ard " rendering of this adjective is worse than in-
adequate, and that the translation cannot be deter-
mined except by taking into account the other word
of the group, e.g. 'laud shouting/ 'careful considera-
tion/ 'intense pain,* 'highprice,* ' strong con&dence,'
etc.

The same thing is true of the following familiar
and usually mistranslated passage :

Cic. in Cat. i. 18: Quam ob rem discede, atque hunc
mihi timorem eripe: si est verua, ne opprimar; sin
foLsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.

Most students slip over this passage with the con-
ventional renderings 'true' and 'false' for the adjec-
tives. It is only when they take into account the
noun timer that a proper translation is achieved, e.g.
'well grounded' and 'groundless.'

Carrying this a little farther, there are many Latin
combinations (in other words, phrases and idioms)
that are well worth the attention of a class of pro-
spective teachers. All know that 'make a speech ' is
orationem habere; but few are familiar with the
legal phrase caus& cadere ('lose a suit').

It is proposed, therefore, that, as supplementary
work for the course here outlinied, the members of
the class be directed to watch in their reading for
Latin phrases that appear idiomatic and worth re-
membering. As rapidly as noted, these should be
listed alphabetically in an inexpensive card catalogue.

24 Latin Composition

The following form of entry has been found con-
venient :

Attract attention :

oculos movere, Cic. de Off. 1. 98.

A few samples are appended, to show the scope of
this phase of the work :

Abused, be (verbally) : nobis indigna audire, Cic. de
Off. 1. 137.

Accept a bribe (to do a thing) : quaestum facere ut,
Gic. p. Font. 17.

According to the old proverb: ut est in vetere pro-
verbio, Cic. Tusc. Disp. 2. 11.

Administration: during my administration, me
obtinente, Cic. ad Att. 5. 21. 7.

Advanced in years: iam affectus senectute, Cic. de
Orat. 3. 68.

Among other things: in eis, Cic. ad Att. 3. 6.

Apply the torch: faces admovere, Cic. Tusc. Disp.
2.61.

As a matter of fact: si verum quaerimus, Cic. Tusc.
Disp. 2. 54.

Quite aside from the intrinsic value of a well clas-
sified collection of this sort, such work tends to de-
velop a closeness of observation that makes both for
an intimate acquaintance with the ways of the Latin
language and for carefully considered and idiomatic
rendering into English.

Suggestions 25

For the proposed course as a whole, it may be said
that the methods here recommended have proved
very successful in bringing prospective teachers to a
state of real eflBciency in the subject ; and in some
cases even brief training of this sort has quite revo-
lutionized ideas as to the utility and (may it safely
be added?) the pleasures of Latin composition.

ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES

PART I

Exercise i

Cicero thinks that Pompey would not have been
sent into Asia, had not the senate been persuaded
by himi that Pompey was the man 2 to be chosen.
But as a matter of fact ^ the senators themselves were
willing that he should go, in order that their own
power might be greater at Rome. Would that he
were now here to see to it^ that his friends are in no
wise 5 injured! But though he is away, I do not
think that they will be driven out; for they appear
in the forum daily with many of their relatives.^
However, if they do go into exile, they will proceed
to a city in Sicily which is called Syracuse^ — a town
in which Dionysius reigned more than thirty years.

Exercise 2

In the army were many men of valor, who often
had not hesitated to risk^ their lives for their coun-
try; but among them^ there is said to have been none

1 I.e. Cicero. * Omit. » re vera. * video. '» Adv,
ace, * propinqui. ' Plu, noun, ^ periclitor. " in
and ahl.

26

English-Latin Exercises 27

braver than Quintus Fabius^ a man whom all pos^
terity should honor. For on one occasion, when
there was no one who dared to cross a bridge to
save 1 a wounded officer ,2 he ran forward boldly and
sustained the enemy's attack single-handed ^ until
the officer was taken to a safe place. The story ^ of
this exploit ^ was reported to the senate ^ at Rome,
and that body^ never rendered heartier thanks.^
Indeed 5 I believe that a regular thanksgiving i®
would have been decreed in Fabius' name, if such
an honor were ever given for savingly the life of an
individual 12 citizen.

Exercise 3

When the general saw the scouts 1* of the enemy on
the other side of the river, he ordered ^^ that the
cavalry should cross as quickly as possible, so that
the enemy might have less opportunity to harasses
the soldiers who had gone from the camp to get
water. It is said, however, that the horsemen had
been demoralized i^ by previous i'^ encounters, and
hence ^^ were now unwilling to obey such an order.i^
Therefore, fearing that some calamity might be

^ def endo. ' legatus. ' solus. « fama. • res.
< def ero ad. ' concilium. > gratias ago. * quin
etiam. ^° supplicatio iusta. " cum-clause. ^> unus.
IS explorator. ^^iubeo. ^Uacesso. ^'frango. ^^ su-
perior. " ob eam causam. ^' imperium.

28 Latin Composition

suffered, if he insisted,^ the commander withdrew his
forces to the nearest hill. There, calling a coimcil,
he foimd^ that all were anxious ^ to return to their ,
homes in Italy. Indeed there were some who
thought that they ought ^ to start that very night;
but these were finally persuaded that this was too
hasty.s

Exercise 4

Though Clodius was trying to drive Cicero into
exile, Caesar and Pompey realized ^ what was being
done and yet were not willing to interfere, ^ judg-
ing that the security ^ of the state was of more im-
portance ^ than the safety of one citizen. Yet it is
thought by many people that Pompey did wrong i®
in thus deserting 11 Cicero after having previously
promised him his aid.12 The situation was aggra-
vated by the fact that ^^ the old-time 1* forces of
Catiline, which Cicero had subdued a few years
before, and which had now chosen i^ a new leader,
were ready ^^ to aid Clodius. Thus the number of
Cicero's enemies was daily increasing, and a gen-
eral 1'^ uprising i^ began to be feared. So, with the

1 persevero. ^ reperio. * volo. * Gerundive. » prae-
properus (note force of prefix). ' sentio. ^ intercede,
s quies. ' Forms of plus and sum. ^° pecco. " Rela-
tive cliause. " opera. " Lit. ' it was added that '
(accede ut). ^^pristinus. ^^deligo. ^^paratus.
^^ Super!, of magnus. ^^ tumultus.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 29

idea i of preserving ^ the peace of the state, Cicero
withdrew from Rome, and did not retm-n ^'to the
city until* he was recalled by a vote of the people. ^

Exercise 5

When • this had been reported to ^ Curio in his
camp> he at once called Balbus and others to a coun-
cil, so that, through the advice of many, it might be
more easily decided what was best to be done. When
all had gathered, Balbus declared that without
Caesar's order ^ they ought ^ not to leave camp ;
fori® sixty thousand Gauls were already under 11 arms,
and the Germans would soon be summoned ^ from
their homes i^ beyond the Rhine, a combination 1*
which by no means could be resisted by a single
legion. However, believing that they ought to
escape before the Germans should join the Gauls,
Curio urged that camp be broken^^ at once, and
that they should not allow to slipi^ a chance to
elude 1^ the enemy. This view ^^ finally prevailed 1^
and they marched forth from camp, — a move^
which subsequently no one regretted 21 more than.
Curio himself.

^ causa* > conserve. 'reverter. ^priusquam.
• plebisdtum. * ubi. ^ def ero ad. • iniussu. * Gerun-
dive. ^^ nam (indirect discourse), "in. ^'arcesso.
issedes. ^^ coniimctio. ^«moveo. ^^dimitto. ^'fallo.
^•sententia. "supero. ^"res. '^paenitet.

30 Latin Composition

Exercise 6

Cleomenes, who regarded himself as a second i
Verres, in very similar fashion 2 would drink*
whole days on the shore. But once it was suddenly
announced to him that a ship of alarming * appear-
ance was approaching the co^st. The other ofl5-
cers 5 wanted to fight ; but thinking that he and all
of his men would presently ^ be murdered by pirates,
Cleomenes at once boarded "^ his largest vessel,
where he gave orders ^ that the sails should be set,^
and commanded that the other vessels follow him
as quickly as possible. However, they were small,
and not to be compared in speed with the leader's
ship. So the latter i^ escaped very easily, while
the other oflBcers were captured by the pirates or
lost in the sea. There are some who judge that if
Cleomenes had not fled so hastily, he without doubt
would have saved ^^ all his ships and driven the pi-
rates from the harbor. For his own vessel was so
strong 12 that it could easily have protected i* the

others.

Exercise 7

The worst people are sometimes prosperous,
while the best are often most unfortunate. ^^ Con-

^ alter. ^ similiter (superl.). * poto. * tenibilis.
> praepositus. <brevi. ^conscendo. 'iubeo. *facio.
" ille. " conservo. ** Lit. 'of such strength.' " Use
praesidium* ^« miser.

English-Latin Exercises 31

sequently, as a noted philosopher used to say, it
makes.no difference ^ what sort of person 2 you are
and how you have lived ; for there is no reward of
virtue. And when this same man had returned *
from Egypt to Athens, a city which is very famous
for its temples, a certain friend said to him, "Have
you never seen the votive tablets * and realized how
many people through their vows escaped the force
\, xv'A*' ^^ ^^ tempest and amyeJ safely in port?" "But,"
.V^\^ replied he, "you do not take into account ^ the great
number ^ of men who made vows "^ and yet were not
spared ^ by the gods, but ^ were swallowed up i® in
the sea." And he frequently warned his friends
that human affairs are unnoticed ii by the gods.
They, however, thought there was no doubt ^ that
he was wrong i^ and they did not hesitate to tell i*
' him so.

Exercise 8

After 15 Philo had withdrawn to Sparta on the
ground that i^ his life was in great danger, he often led
the enemy against his own countrymen, in order
that the latter might realize more fully ^^ how great
a general they had lost. Under his leadership i^ the

1 Use interest. < qualis. * reverter. < tabula picta.
>rationem babeo (and gen,), < multitude. ^voveo.
• conserve. 'Lit. 'and.' ^^ submerge, "neglego.
1' Use non dubium. ^' errb. ^* confirmo (with daJt.).
ispostquam. ^<quod. ^^ plane. ^^Use dux.

32 Ldtin Composition

Spartans 1 won^ many a victory; and there are
some who believe that they would have taken *
Athens itself, had they not been filled with sus-
picion 4 regarding the sincerity ^ of their leader ;
for they feared that he might be seeking some oi>-
portunity to betray them 6 to the Athenians.

Therefore, thinking it best ^ to leave, Philo did
not hesitate to flee ^ even to the Persians ^, among
whom he remained until he was recalled by his citi-
zens to help them against the Spartans — a thing
which he had all along ^^ realized ii would ultimately
happen. ^ In fact it is said that no one was ever
welcomed ^^ home with greater manifestations of
joy 1* than he.

Exercise 9

After this defeat,!^ fearing that he would be sur-
rendered to the Romans (which I think surely would
have happened,^^ had he remained in Asia at that
time), the Carthaginian i^ betook himself to a large
town in the island of Crete. There too he soon
found 1^ that he was in great danger ; for he was car-
rying with him a huge sum of ^^ money, and the

1 Lacedaemonii. ' pario or reporto. * potior. < Use
incertus. » fides. • Reflex. ' Lit. 'the best (thing)
to do.' "refugio. *Persae. ^^ semper, ^^sentio.
« Lit. 'be' (fio is defective). " reduce. ** acclamatio.
i» dades. " Lit. 'would have been ' (sum). " Poenus.
^ sentio. ^" grandis.

Englishr-Latin Exercises 33

townspeople were not to be trusted, i Accordingly
he devised 2 a plan of the following * sort. Collect-
ing many jars,^ he filled them with lead, ^ but cov-
ered 6 the tops '^ with gold and silver. These jars
he ostentatiously ^ deposited ^ in a public temple
for safekeeping. i<> By this means the townspeople
were persuaded that all his wealth was in their power,
and they guarded the temple not so much 11 from
others as from him, fearing that in some way he
might get possession of 12 his own money. Saving 1^
his property in this manner, the Carthaginian made
his way to an influential i** king in Pontus. Surely
there never was a man more resourceful ^^ than he.

Exercise 10 \>^^

Certain people .brought to Rome from Greece the
forged 16 will i^ of a very rich man ; and to make this
hold good 1^ the more easily, they had enrolled ^^ as 20
heirs with themselves two men of great distinction,^!
Marcus Crassus and Quintus Hortensius. For
these latter ,20 though it was commonly 22 thought
that they were upright men, had not hesitated to

^ Use fidem babeo. < ineo. * is. * amphora.
* plumbum. * opeiio. ' Use adj, summus. ^ palam.
» colloco. ^° custodio (gerundive). " tam. " potior,
^'conservo. ^^potens. ^<^calUdus. ^<falsus. ^Uesta-
mentum. ^^ 'make . . . hold ^ood/ obtineo. ^' scribo.
20 Omit. ^^ nobilitas insignis.j " vulgo.

34 Latin Composition

intimate! that they were not unwilling to accept
such a gift. 2 Thus the real * heir gained only the
name of the dead man, while the property was pos-
sessed by others. Leading citizens * ought ^ not
to have acted ^ thus, and it was not right ^ that
the real heir should in this way be deprived of his
inheritance. ^ For if one does not protect from
injury ^ when he can, the wrong i^ is as great as ^ if
the injury were actually 12 inflicted by him. Yet
there are some people, who, thinking that right i*
is one thing and expediency another, are ready 1*
to do without hesitation whatever seems advanta-
geous to themselves, ^^ — a proceeding 1^ which is
the source 17 of the worst crimes and disgraces.
But 18 if some really good man should have the
power 1^ by a mere ^^ wish to become heir of the
rich, he would not embrace 20 the opix)rtunity,
even if he were sure 21 that it could be done with-
out the knowledge of any. 22

I

isignifico. 'munus. *veru8. ^principes civitatis.
*oportet *8e gerere. 'aequus (with infin,).
* hereditas. * iniuriam defendo. ^^ culpa. " tarn . . .
quam. ^'ultro. ^* 'right . . . expediency/ honestum . . •
utile, "volo. "ipse. "res. ^' fons. "at "pos-
sum. >• utor. >i ezploratum esse (with dai,). ^ Lit.
'no one knowing'.

English-Latin Exercises 35

Exercise ii

Ten years ago it is related that Diomedes came
near to being i despoiled of all the most valuable ^
possessions he had. For though he was a man of in-
fluence and distinction, Verres summoned him to
Syracuse (which is the capital * of Sicily), demand-
ing that he display to him certain statues of remark-
alJle * beauty which it was rumored ^ he had at
home. Perceiving that his statues would be stolen,
if Verres once caught sight of ^ them, Diomedes in-
vented the fiction ^ that they had lately been sent to
a friend of his at Malta ; ^ and, shortly afterward,
adopting ^ a device ^^ very similar to that by which
many of his countrymen had previously eluded ii
Verres, he quietly left Syracuse and took refuge 12
at Rome. Thereupon the father of Verres wrote i^
a letter from Rome to his son, warning him that
unless he took care,^^ on his return i^ home he would
be put on trial ^^ for his many crimes (a thing which
seemed very likely ,1"^ for there was now no one at
Rome who doubted that Verres was guilty of the
greatest wrongs 1®). Frightened by this letter, Ver-

^ Use paene. ' pretiosus ; attract into rel. clause.
* caput ^ mirabilis. * Imperf, tense. * aspicio. "^ emei^-
tior, > Melita. * utor. ^^ consilium. " fallo. ^ re-
fugio. "do. i^caveo. " cum-clause. "reum facio
(and gen.), ^^ veri similis. " scelus in se admittere.

36 Latin Composition

■ ■ — ^^W^l^M^^i^-W^^^i^^— ^^ I ■.-■■■ ■■■■■■ II -■■■ Mll^ III ■■ —^M— M^— — I ■ 1^^^— ^^■^■^l.M^P^^

res recalled i Diomedes, assuring him that nothing
would be taken 2 from him, even though it should
appear ^ that he was richer than any ♦ other in-
habitanft of all ^ Sicily.

Exercise 12
^ Once a very ix)or ^ farmer was made shepherd "^

x^V

of the king's flocks. He was long most faithful and

K upright ; ^ but one day, as he was passing through

"^ ^ the woods, he noticed a chasm ^ in the earth which

"^^ had been opened ^^ by very heavy ^ rains, and, moved

\.«- by curiosity ,12 descended into it. There he found ^^

^ the body of a dead man of remarkable ^^ size with i^

a gold ring on his^^ finger. Quickly appropriat-
ing 17 this, the shepherd climbed out and returned
home to tell the other shepherds what he had seen.
But as he came into their assembly, he happened ^^
to turn the setting ^^ of the ring toward his palm,
and discovered 20 to his great astonishment that he
had become invisible; 21 whereas,^^ as soon as he
turned it to its proper ^^ position, everyone could
see him. Therefore he informed no one of his ex-

^ reduco. ' eripio. * reperio (pass,). * quivis. * totus.
< pauper. ' pastor. ^ probatus. * hiatus. ^^ efficio.
" SuperL of magnus. ^ cupiditas videndi/ " reperio.
»* mirabilis. " Lit. ' and.' " Omit. " arripio. " Use
casu. ^^ pala. 2° sentio. ^^ Lit. 'that he could be seen
(cemo) by no one.' » Direct disc.

English^Latin Exercises 37

perience;! but, making use of the opportunity
afforded by ^ the ring, he met ^ the queen secretly,
made* a plot against the king, and killed off all
those whom he thought it unsafe ^ to spare. Thus
it is said that in a short time he made him-
self ^ king not only of one city, but of all Lydia.
There are some who would not have acted thus,
even if the reward had been twice as great 7.

m

Exercise 13

Verres once desired that a certain statue at Syra-
cuse should be removed and carried away to adorn
his own 8 gardens, though the Sicilian ^ priests all
declared that the thing 10 was impossible because the
statue was of remarkable 11 antiquity and no one
could touch it without sin.12 Finding that nothing
could be accomplished by words, Verres finally or-
dered 13 that the high* priest should be arrested 1* for
refusing 15 to do what had been asked. Every-
one thought that the poor man would merely be sent
to prison ; ^^ for they had not yet realized ^'^ what
sort of person i^ Verres was. This excellent 1^

1 More lit. * of what had happened.' « * afforded by,'
lit. 'of.' 'convenio. ^ineo. ^ periculosus. •I.e.
* became'. ' bis tantus. • Use ipse. » Siculus. i» is.
^^ notabilis. ^^ noxa. ^' iubeo. ^* in vincula conicio.
^B cum-clause. ^* in custodiam trado. ^^ intellego.
" Omit. " Superl. of bonus.

38 Latin Composition

Roman, though it was winter and the weather i
very cold, selected ^ an equestrian statue in the
centre of the forimi> and ordered his soldiers to
strip the high priest of his garments and place the
man upon it and bind him fast. Thus a man of repu-
tation among the Sicilians, who held ^ the high-
est office in their state, was left exposed in the snow
and cold. And the torture was not terminated ^
until the priest was nearly dead. Then the
people in a body came to the senate-house,^ de-
manding that Verres be given the ancient statue
which he asked, and crying out that the gods them-
selves would surely avenge their own wrongs. Thus
it was that Verres gained his desire.®

Exercise 14

While I was engaged with "^ these matters, my
filave announced that a Sicilian official wished to
see^ me. Though I was busy,* I ordered that
the man should be admitted, not wishing that
the Sicilians should have any occasion to accuse me
of negligence. And I am not sorry ^^ that I acted
thus ; for, as I afterward found out,ii this stranger ^

^ tempestas. ' deligo. * Use praeditus. * More
literally, * an end of the torture was not made.' • curia.
< Lit. ' arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' ^ ago.
* convenio. • operi intentus. >* paenitet. " reperio.
u ignotus.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 39

was a man of distinction, who had lately been
elected i priest of Jupiter, — an honor which the
Sicilians prize very highly.^ Moreover, he had
come to m*ge me to go with him to the senate-house
at Syracuse, saying that the inhabitants of that
city would soon be deprived * of every right unless
I should help them. On hearing such a complaint *
I at once set out with him for Syracuse. When we
arrived there and had taken seats ^ in the senate,
a senator eighty years of age began to speak, point-
ing out that the people of Syracuse <^ were ag-
grieved "^ that in the other cities in Sicily I had
told ^ the senate and people what to do to main-
tain ^ their rights, while at Syracuse I had done
nothing of the sort. Whereupon I said in reply ^^
that I was willing to do all in my power, ^ and that
having undertaken the defense ^ of all i* Sicily, I
would not allow the people of Syracuse to be in-
jured, if I could prevent it.

Exercise 15 ^

Many years ago stnne' devout 1* people desired
that a very beautiful picture ^^ should be painted,

1 creo. ' Forms of fado and multus. ' spolio.
« querimonia. ^ isedeo. * Syracusani. ' moleste fero
(with infin.). *doceo. *obtineo. ^<>respondeo.
" Lit. ' that I could.' i> causam suscipio. >* totus.
^« religiosus. ^^ tabula.

40 Latin Composition

that they might have a gift worthy ^ to be placed
in the temple 2 of Juno at Tarentum. And so,
though it was thought ^ that many Italian paint-
ers were competent * to produce such a - work of
art, 5 messengers were sent to Greece to engage ^
the most famous artist ^ that they could find there.
On his arrival at Tarentum, the illustrious painter
began at once to be invited ® to other cities also ;
but he declared that he would not leave Tarentum
until this work was finished. Accordingly he at
once had an interview with ^ the leaders in the
city 10 and decided to paint a likeness 11 of Helen,
as being 12 the fairest of all women. In order to
carry out this ^^ plan more easily, he asked to see ^^
the handsomest girls living in the city, wishing to
copy their beauty in ^^ the picture. Then it is re-
lated that the townspeople escorted the man to the
gymnasium i^ and there showed him boys of rare
beauty i"? and great strength exercising. ^^ "From
these," said, they, "you can infer how handsome
their sisters are." But when the painter urged his
request even more earnestly, 1^ they called a council

* dignus. « aedes. « Imperf. tense. * idoneus.
' opus. * adhibeo. ^ opif ex. * arcesso. * Use con-
venio. ^* civitas. " simulacrum. ^^ ut. ^* ille.
»* More lit. 'that he be allowed to see.' " Lit. 'by'
(with imitor). " palaestra. " Use praeditus. " Rel.
clause; exerceo requires object, ^'acrius insto.

English-Latin Exercises 41

and decided that the maidens should be summoned
from their homes. Of these the artist selected ^
five, thinking that every charm could not be found
in the person 2 of one individual * ; and in this way
he produced a picture fairer than any one of the
five girls.

Exercise i6 ^-^

When his native city Hiad been oppressed by ty-
rants for more ^ than fifty years, Altorius proceeded
secretly to Argos, ^ where he gathered ^ the largest
possible forces. Returning with these, he took ^
the city, killed the tyrant then ruling, and freed the
people from their ^ long servitude. He also re-
stored ^^ three thousand exiles, men of wealth and
standing; and while he did not doubt that these
ought 11 to be reimbursed ^ for 13 the losses which
they had suffered,!^ he gave orders ^^ nevertheless
that no one of them should try to recover his prop-
erty by force from those who had bought it up ^^
after it was confiscated.^'^ Then, seeing that money
was the thing ^ needed i^ to adjust matters,!^ he
proceeded to Alexandria in Egypt, a country which
was then ruled by Ptolemy. This rich king was

ideligo. * corpus. *Omit. ^patria. 'amplius.
* Argi. 7 colligo. • potior. * Omit. ** in patriam
reduco. ^^oportet ^' satisfacio. "pro. »* damnum
facio. " impero. " coemo. ^^ publico. '^ Use opus.
)• rem constituo.

42 Latin Composition

easily persuaded that Altorius and his country-
men ought ^ to be assisted with a large sum of^
money. Receiving the same,* Altorius returned
home, and there never was a greater benefactor^
than he. For it is said that he satisfied everyone,
giving money to some in place of ^ their lost pos-
sessions, and restoring the property ^ of others
after persuading the holders ^ to sell at a high price.

1 Genmdive. * grandis. * Lit. ' it.' ^ auctor rerum.
* pzo. * res ipsa (sing.). ^ possessor.

PART n

Exercise 17

It is said that the Gauls^ being men of wealthy
then asked what they were to do in case they should
find anyone lying in waiti on the road. "If you
meet brigands 2 there/' said the consul, "do not try
to pass. For in the country there is no one who can
help you. ' But if you return at once to the senate
at Rome, we will send to many houses in the city
and summon slaves to escort you.*' When the
Gauls heard this, they said that they were still in
doubt 5 what was best to do, and that they never
would have left home, if they had thought ^ that the
roads were so dangerous.

Exercise 18

When Caesar had stopped a few days near this
town to get in ^ supplies, he hurried to Fabius at Ve-
sontio. There it is said that many inhabitants ^ of
the town tried to frighten the Romans, telling ^
them how brave the Germans were. And there was
no one who doubted that they spoke the truth.

^ insidior. ' latro. * dubito. * sentio. ^ comparo.
* incola. ' doceo.

43

44 Latin Composition

Fearing, therefore, that some reverse ^ might be
suffered, if he did not encom^age his men, Caesar
called an assembly 2 and said, "All of us know that
no soldiers are braver than the Grermans. But do
not forget that this tribe which we are about to
meet in battle is the very one ^ which Fabius de-
feated on his march ^ through Gaul last year."

Exercise 19

When the Germans led out their forces, many of our
men at once hurried forward,^ so that no one might
say that any were bolder than they.^ But others,
unwilling to leave the camp on the hill, remained
behind ^ the breastworks; ^ and it is thought by many
people that this circumstance was the salvation ^ of
our army. For the Germans have a wonderful phy-
sique^io and they are by no means ^^ easily frightened.

Thus it happened that when our men drew near,
they were at once driven back ; indeed they fled in
haste through the valley to their friends in the camp.
A little later, after 12 these facts had become known,!*
many more of 1^ the Germans crossed the river, hop-
ing that all of the Romans would soon be expelled
from their ^^ lands.

1 detrimentum. ^ contio. ' idem. * cum-clause.
Bprocurro. *ipse. ^ intra, ^munitiones. *salus.
" Lit. *are of wonderful (mirabilis) size of body.' " Sing,
" ubi. " cognosce. " Use frequens. « The Germans*.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 45

Exercise 20

"Conscript fathers," said Cicero, "I shall now
set forth to you why I returned ^ to Rome. "Avoid-
ing Brundisium for good cause, 2 1 had come on Aug-
ust 1 to Syracuse, ^ a town which could not detain
me more* than one night, although the towns-
people were anxious ^ that I should remain. But,
being unwilling to delay, fearing that I should thus
lose ^ some opportunity to sail, I took ^ ship, and
had not proceeded ^ far when I was driven back by
adverse winds.

"After stopping one night at the home of ^ Pub-
lius Valerius, a man of courage and discretion, I
learned that the Gallic provinces would be given up
by Antony, and that he was now willing to admit i^
that the laws of the state must 11 be obeyed. Hear-
ing this, I did not hesitate to return at once to Brun-
disium."

Exercise 21

Men of old 12 did not hesitate to ask 13 many things
of the gods ; and yet no one ever vowed a gift i* to
Hercules on condition that ^^ he should be made a
wise man. Although it is said that, on discover-

1 reverter. * Lit. *not without reason.' » Plu, noun.
^ amplius. « vole. * dimitto. ^ conscendo. > Pass, of
proveho. • apud. ^^ confiteor. " Gerundive. '* anti-
quus. "posco. i^munus. ^^si.

46 Latin Composition

ing 1 something neW in his studies, Pyro sacrificed ^
a bull to the Muses ; but few have believed this,
inasmuch as he was unwilling to sacrifice a victim *
even to Apollo, fearing that he would stain * the
altar with blood.

But, to return to my subject,^ all of us are per-
suaded that only good ^ fortune is to be asked ^ of
the gods, and that wisdom must be gained by our
own efforts.® And so, while we dedicate shrines
to Mens, Virtus, and Fides, there is no one who
does not realize that the attainment of these attri-
butes rests with us,^ and ^Tnot upon the beneficence
of the gods.

Exercise 32

Fellow citizens, I recall 10 that a certain Sicilian,ii
a friend of mine and a man of distinction, once
told me that he had been robbed ^ of sl golden
cup of great 1* weight, which it was his custom i*
to use on state occasions.i^

"As 1^ I was sitting at home with my wife and
children," said he, "a slave of the praetor ran up,
saying that his master ^^ had directed i® that I should

1 cum-clause. 'immolo. 'hostia. ^aspergo. 'res;
omit ' my.' • Omit. ' peto. * Lit. * ourselves.'
* Lit. ' these things lie (situs esse) in us.' ^^ memini
(with pres. infin,). ^^ Siculus. " spolio. " grandis.
Mgoleo. ^diesfesti. ^Mum. "dominus. ^*iubeo.

English-Latin Exercises 47

at once bring to him that golden cup. Fearing that
some evil would befall, if this were not done, I or-
dered 1 the cup to be brought out and conveyed with
me to the praetor's house.

"On my arrival ^ there, I soon saw ^ that he in-
tended * to keep the cup ; and I therefore promised
two of his slaves that three thousand sesterces would
be given them, if they should persuade their mas-
ter to return it safe to me. However, they be^an
to complain that they could do nothing ; and so I
returned ^ home sadly ^ without iny cup."

Exercise 23

Then said Cicero : "On Corcyra there is a city
Tfhich is the fairest six)t ^ in all ^ Greece — a town
to which rich Romans often come in smnmer to en-
joy ^ a more healthful i^ climate.^i In this city it
is said that there once was a very large temple ^ to
Jimo, into which many foreigners i* brought splen-
did gifts. These ^^ gifts were long imtouched ; i^ but
one day when the fleet of king Masinissa had come
into that port, its commander ^^ seized two golden
statues of great i^ beauty and carried them away to

Uubeo. >Not abstract noun. *intellego. ^in
animo habeo (with infin.). « reverter. •Use adj.
Mocus. *totU8. *utor. i^salubris. ^^ caelum.
" aedes. ^* advena. ^* Direct discourse. ^ inviolatus.
^* praefectus. " insignis.

48 Latin Composition

- -- - ■

his king in Africa. The latter at first received the
gift! gladly; but when he learned 2 whence the
statues had come, ^ he ordered ^ that they should
at once be restored, not wishing to keep what be-
longed to another. 5 Many good deeds ^ of Mas-
inissa are recorded, and nothing more just than
this."

Exercise 24

Once a certain lieutenant "^ of the governor ^ set
out from Syracuse ^ with the greatest parade ^^ to
drive off the very numerous pirates ^^ who were
spoiling ship)S on every hand. But though he
boasted ^^ that the enemy would be put to flight 13 by
his approach, he did not care 1^ to risk ^^ the dangers
of battle, but ^^ fled at full speed, almost before the
pirates began to be sighted i^ in the distance.

To escape the odium of this action i^ more easily,
he afterward accused of cowardice ^^ the bravest
men he had commanded 20 in the army. And this
he did with the greatest recklessness.21 For one
of these men, a captain 22 of integrity and fortitude,
had not seen the disgraceful 23 flight ; in fact 24 he

1 munus. 2 intellego. » Lit. ' were.' * iubeo. • Use
alienus. * recte factum. ^ legatus. > praetor. ^ Plu,
noun. 1® ostentatio. ^^pirata. ^^glorior. ^'fugo.
1* nolo. " subeo. i« Lit. 'and*. " conspicio. " res.
^» ignavia. ^ duco ; attract the superL into the rel. clause.
3^ audacia. ^ praefectus. ^ foedus. ^^ quin etiam.

English-Latin Exercises 49

did not even leave Syracuse with the others, being
detained there by a serious affection i of the eyes.
Gentlemen of the jury, 2 rest assured ^ that if this
sort of thing ^ continues to be done ^ in the prov-
inces, there will soon be no one who cares® to be
called a friend of the Roman people.

Exercise 25

"Fellow citizens," cried he, "it thus happened
that an excellent friend of mine was robbed by Ver-
res — a man who richly deserves '^ your hatred and
that of all posterity. For he treats ^ Roman citi-
zens as though they were slaves ; in fact it is said by
reliable witnesses ^ that he was not deterred from 1®
putting to death a certain man even by the cry 11 of
the victim, 12 'I am a Roman citizen.' I recall,i3
too,i* that when his forces had been defeated by
pirates and his lieutenant wanted to put the blame
upon 15 the others, Verres did not hesitate to allow the
Sicilian 1® officers ^"^ to be imprisoned i^ and eveni^
killed.

1 morbus gravis. * iudices. * scio (what tense?).
* talis (neiU. plu,). » Lit. ' is done longer.' • volo.
'dignus (superl.). *ago cum. *verus testis,

i^deterreo quominus. ^^ vox. ^'ille miser.

1* memini. *« porro. i* culpam confero in (and ace.).
>*Siciilus. 17 praepositus. ^^in vincula conicio*

13 atque vero.

50 Latin Composition

"Thus there was arrested a man of Heraelea^
who had served faithfully 2 and had done noth-
ing contrary to^ orders. This person of note,
realizing that he must ^ die, wrote a defense of his
case,5 in ^ which he shows '^ to all people how
many ships and sailors he had at the time of sail-
ing* from Syracuse, and how afterward the ships
were scattered by Verres' lieutenant. Of course^
this defense did not help him at all. But it was a
splendid effort, 1® and there is no one throughout
all Sicily 11 who has not read it and been stirred with
anger as he learns of Verres' wickedness."

Exercise 26

Nations differ much among themselves in customs
and opinions. In Africa it is thought by the Egyptians
that a certain monster,i2 which is called Apis,i* is a
god. On the other hand, the Persians hold that
the likeness of the gods ought not to be represented 1^
even by images in human form.i^ And it is said
that Xerxes binned the most beautiful temples that
Greece possessed for the reason that he thought it
not right 1^ that the gods, whose home is tte whole

> Heracliensis. * fidem servo. * contra atque (and
verb). * Gerundive. » causa. • Lit. * by.' ^ doceo.
> cum-clause. * scilicet ^^ opus. " Place where (to-
tus). " bestia. " Masc. ^* effingo. >^ liumanus.
^* nef as.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 51

,

universe, ^ should be inclosed ^ by walls. These
shrines the Greeks have never even planned ^ to re-
store, preferring that they should ever be a memo^
rial ^ to 5 Persian wickedness.

But, to return to my ^ subject,*^ how many
nations and tribes have believed that it is very ac-
ceptable to the inmiortal gods to sacrifice ^ human
beings — than which I can think of nothing more
revolting! ^ And there are even some who hold i®
that it is right 1^ to live by plundering 12 — while
we Romans, people of justice and piety, do not al-
low the Gauls to plant the olive and the vine, in
order that our own olive gardens ^^ and vineyards 1*
may be more valuable! i^

Exercise 27

At that time the governor ^^ was so discourteous ^"^
that one could 1^ see clearly that he was simply con-
sidering 1^ how he could most readily insult 20 us.
However, wishing to show 21 myself worthy of the
honor which' the senate had conferred 22 in electing 28
me to look into Sicilian afFairs,24 I went at once to

^mundus. >intercludo. 'constittto. Mocumen-
tom. * Lit. * of.' * Omit. ^ res. ^ immolo. * foedus.
loduco. ^^ius. "latrocinor. ^*olivetam. ^^vinetom.
" Use form of plus. »• praetor. ^^ inhumanus. " Not
possum. 1* cogito. ^^ contumelias impono. *^ praesto.
n ccmfero. " cum-clause (deligo). ^* res investigo.

52 Latin Composition

I t

the man and demanded that he send to their homes
many inhabitants ^ of neighboring islands whom
he had long kept in confinement.^

Thereupon he became very angr^', and declared
that they should never return while he was alive ; in
fact, as we afterward learned,^ he had already is-
sued an order ^ that no one should make known to
me even where the men were imprisoned. And so,
though I did not fear that the senate and the Roman
people would not ratify ^ whatever I did, I decided
to wait until a more thorough ^ investigation '^
should be made. By this means my purpose was
accomplished ; ^ f or . three days later two slaves
were found who, though unwilling to speak openly,
were induced by a promise of ^ five thousand sester-
ces to come to me secretly and tell the whole story. ^^

(^ Exercise 28-

Fellow citizens, it is reported that after Tiro com-
mitted 11 many cruel deeds in Asia he was warned by
several people that these crimes would shortly be
reported to i^his^^ countrymen at Sparta. Learn-
ing 14 this and thinking that it much concerned i^ his

1 incoUu 2 Lit. ' chains.' * reperio. * impero*

• ratum and habeo, « accuratus. ^ quaestio. > Lit. ' I

arrived at the desired (destinatus) end.' » Not lit.

10 res. " in se admittere. ^^ defero ad. ^* Omit.
^* cognosco (a&Z. ahs,), ^" maxima interest

English-Latin Exercises 53

safety, Tiro begged one of the Persian satraps i to
give him a testimonial, 2 setting forth ^ how merci-
fully ^ he had conducted the war. The satrap did
not dare to refuse, fearing that he would not lightly ^
be pardoned, ^ if he did not write.

When Tiro had read the production '^ with much
pleasure and while it was being sealed,^ the satrap
stealthily substituted ^ another document 1® of
like size and appearance, in which u he had recorded
truly the acts of Tiro. The latter on returning
home made a speech in which ^i he maintained his
honesty 12 and uprightness, and as^^ a testimonial
presented 1^ the document written by the satrap.
After Tiro had withdrawn, the magistrates read
the book privately,!^ then sent it back 1^ to him i*^
to read.i^ Thus it happened that Tiro unwittingly 1^
became 20 his own 21 accuser.

Exercise 29

It is an open question 22 whether we should put
confidence's in dreams or not. When Socrates was
in prison ^ at Athens, it is said that he dreamed he

1 satrapes, -ae, masc, ' testimonitim. > Omit. * Use
humanitas. * facile. "ignosco. ^haec. >signo.
"subicio. *<) fiber. ^^ No prep. ^^fidem defendo.
» 3 loco. »*porrigo. ^<^ secreto. ^•do. ^'ipse. ^^Gerun-
dive, 1" imprudens. *^ fio. '* ipse suus. » incetp&n
est 2' confido. ^* in custodia teneo (pass,).

54 La<m Composition

^ — /^AT.^^^-^"

saw a woman of /august mien, ^ who announced that
he would be executed in a few days. And in this
he was not deceived ;2 for shortly afterward he was
compelled to drain the deadly * cup.

Furthermore, can there anywhere be found a
more reliable^ witness than Aristotle? And yet
this prince ^ of philosophers relates that a certain
friend of his on a journey ® to Macedonia came to
Pharsalus in Thessaly (a town which afterward
became very famous '^ because of the battle fought ^
there). Here ® the friend i® became so ill ^ that all
of the doctors gave him up. 12 However, one night
the-man dreamed that a youth of more than hmnan
beauty 1* stood before him saying that he would
get well 1^ shortly, that the tyrant Alexander would
soon be killed, and that he himself ^^ would return
home after five years. The first two things 1^ hap-
pened just as had been predicted, the third in a
somewhat different way. i'^ And so, supported ^^
by such facts (as these), 1® there are some who did

^ insignis dignitas. > Lit. * this thing did not deceive
(fallo) him.' ^ezitialis. « cartas. *princep8. "cum-
clause. 7 celeber. * committo. * Direct discourse.
i« Use ille. " Lit. 'fell (incido) into such severe (gravis)
illness.' ** diffido (no object). " Lit. 'more beauti-
ful than a man.' ^* convalesce (supine stem lacking).
" I.e. the friend. ^*NeuL adj. (not res). " aliquanto
diversius (adv,). ^'fretus. "Omit.

English-Latin Exercises 55

not hesitate to assert (their conviction) i that there
can be no doubt ^ that through dreams the gods
often disclose to men coming events. .

Exercise 30

After * Cleomenes had • fled with his ship, the
pirates very easily put to flight the other forces.
But, although he* had been the cause of the dis-
aster, Cleomenes did not hesitate to put the blame ^
upon a captain of his, a most distinguished ^ Sicil-
ian and a person of character and reputation, fear-
ing that Verres would not forgive him, if he should
once learn the truth.'' In fact^ Cleomenes him-
self hastened to Syracuse in Sicily, not wishing that
the disaster should be reported to ® Verres by any-
one else.

To inspire greater confidence 1® in his story,ii he
brought with him the three most wicked and un-
truthful ^ soldiers he could find, promising that they
would be thanked ^^ in money as well as 1* in words,
if by their testimony Verres should be persuaded
that his 15 forces had been lost through the coward-
ice of a Sicilian.

^ Omit. 2 Use dubito. ' postquam. * ipse. * cidpam
conf ero in (and ace). * nobilis. ^ res ipsa. * quin
etiam. * * defero ad. ^^ fidem facio. ^^Lit. Vords.'
" mendaz. ^^ gratias ago {pass,). ^* Use non solum,
etc. " Verres'.

56 Latin Composition

Conscript fathers, I hope the time will soon come
when officials in the provinces will not dare to do
such wrongs 1 even to allies. As it is now, the in^
nocent are prosecuted 2 and condemned just as
though law and right did not exist.^ Let us not,
however, lose heart.^ For there is no one who
does not see that daily the number is increasing of
those who love justice more ^ than power, and in
whose judgment no reward is greater than the praise
of all good men.

Exercise 31

I must now speak of two very noteworthy^
dreams, which are often mentioned by Greek
writers. Surely nothing could '^ be more wonderful
than the following ^ story. For it is related that a
philosopher once found the body of a dead citizen
on the shore and buried it ; and that, when after-
ward he was about to take ship, the shade of the
dead man appeared in his ^ sleep,i® and seemed to
warn him that he would be lost, if he sailed at that
time. The ^^ philosopher therefore returned 12 to his
home, while the other people who sailed then were
lost in the sea.

^iniurias infero (and dat.), >reum facio (pass,).
3 nuUus esse. * animo deficio. * Forms of facio and
plus. • nobilis. ^ Not subj. » hie. » Omit. ^^ in
somnis. " Direct disc. " revertor.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 57

Again,! two youths once came to Megara in
Sicily. One put up 2 at the house of a friend, and
during the night ^ it seemed to him that the other
(who had taken quarters with^ an innkeeper S)
stood before ^ him, saying that he had been murdered
at the inn J The young, man arose much disturbed,
but thinking that no confidence should be placed ^
in a dream, was soon asleep again. Once more in
his dream ^ he saw the same thing. Then, thoroughly
frightened, he went to the inn and found ^^ that his
friend was indeed 11 dead. These facts becoming
known, 12 the magistrates ordered 13 that the inn-
keeper should pay the penalty. 1*

Exercise 32

But passing over i^ fables, to come to actual fact,i^
when Marcus Regulus was captured in Africa by
Hamilcar, the Carthaginians ^"^ sent him to Rome
on condition that^^ he should himself return to
Carthage, in case^® the senate was not persuaded by
him to return to their fatherland certain Cartha-
ginian prisoners of distinction. There is no one

^ atque. > in hospitio sum. * nocttt. « deverto ad.
^ caupo. * adsum. ^ deversorium. ^ Gerundive
(confido and adv. ace). * in somnis. ^^ repc^rio. " re
vera. " cognosco. " iubeo. ^* poenas do. ^^ omitto.
><res facta. ^^Poeni. ^^ita . . • ut. "si.

58 Latin Composition

who doubts that it was expedient ^ for Regulus to
forget his promise and to remain securely ^ at home.
But being a man of noteworthy honor ^ and cour-
age, he had no such thought.* Indeed he used
every means ^ to persuade the senators that the cap-
tives were men who ought to be retained, saying
that it was to the state's interest ^ to keep them,
inasmuch as they were young men and good leaders,
while he himself was now broken ^ by age. And
when this at length had been decreed by the senate,
he set out cheerfully ^ for Carthage, although he
knew that a very cruel enemy and harsh tortures
there awaited ^ him. Surely the renown of no
one can be compared with the glory of that dis-
tinguished man. For though we sometimes ^^ act ii
as though 12 we believed expediency ^^ to be su-
perior to 1* right, 13 yet everyone recognizes the
superiority i^ of right when they see it in the con-
duct of others, i^

^ utilis* * tuto. ' probitas insignis. « Lit. * he
thought (cogito) nothing less.' " omnia fade. * in-
terest. ' confecttts. ' aequo animo. * maneo. ^^ in-
terdum. " se gerere. ^^ ita . . . quasi. ^^ utile . . .
honestum. ^* Lit. ' of more value than.' *' praestantia.
!• Lit. ' in others'.

/

PART m

Exercise 33,

Hearing this, the soldiers willingly advanced to
an elevated 1 spot on the plateau. 2 And after ^ they
had stopped there not more^ than six hours to
recover ^ their strength, Curio ordered ^ that they
should be led out of camp during the third watch,
so that the river might be crossed with less danger.
For the king was still ^ lingering near, fearful of ^
losing some opportunity to attack the Romans.
However, he wasted his time ; ^ for who is shrewder 1®
than Curio? Before the enemy were roused by
the sound of the trumpet, the Romans had with-
drawn all of their forces across the river, and it is
said that even the horses were all taken over safely.

Exercise 34

A certain Greek general, who had lived at Sparta
for more than twenty years, began to try to per-
suade the Persians 11 that they 12 ought ^^ to march

^ editus. * planities. * postquam. * amplius. * re-
ficio (use cai/aa-clause). *iubeo. ^adhuc. * Lit. 'fear-
ing that.' * operam perdo. ^^ callidus. " Persae.
" ipse, " Gerundive,

59

60 Latin Composition

into Greece. Learning that his plans were discovered,
it is related that he set out in haste from home,
thinking that he could take refuge in a shrine ^ of
Minerva, and that no one would dare to molest 2 him.
But his citizens hastened to the spot, and, not wish-
ing to lay hands upon ^ a man at the altar ^ they
blocked up^ the doors with stones, and tore off ^
the roof of the temple, so that he thus might per-
ish more quickly under the open '^ sky. Indeed ^
there are sopae who say that his mother, a woman
of remarkable spirit,^ on learning of the crime of
her son, herself brought a stone to wall him in. 1®

Exercise 35

When they heard this, the Gauls withdrew to
their camp in the woods. There they began to
build 11 boats, so that they might more easily cross
the river and find out whether 12 the Romans had
burned their crops 1^ in the valley. But it is said
that the Romans had been so terrified by sudden ^^
attacks that they were now retreating rapidly and
could not be persuaded by anyone to linger longer
in that territory .1^ Yet there are those who be-

^ in fanum refugio. * Lit. ' injure.' > manus infero
and daL * altaria, -ium, N. " obstruo. * detraho.
7 Omit. > quin etiam. * fortitttdo mirabilis. ^° claudo.
" instituo. " num. ^* frumentum (plu,). ^* repentinus.
» fines.

English-Latin Exercises 61

lieve that they would have remained, if Caesar had
not been so far away. For Caesar is a man of won-
derful influence, i and some peoplfe think that there
never was a better leader than he. Fortune cer-
tainly gave him an opportunity 2 to show his skill. ^

Exercise 36

When Caesar arrived here, he began to try to cut
the enemy off ^ from water. The descent to the
river was difficult for the townspeople. Noting
this, Caesar stationed guards wherever he thought
the enemy would try to descend. They, therefore,
were able to use only the water of a single spring ^
about four hundred feet from the river. To reach
this with less risk, Caesar dug tunnels, ? and in this
way drew off the water. Thinking then that the
enemy would be obliged to surrender in a few days,
he felt that he ought not to waste "^ the strength
of his army in unnecessary ^ assaults. Accordingly
he kept his men in camp and no one was allowed to
go outside the fortifications. Learning this, the
townspeople, left without any hope of safety, ^
sent ambassadors to Caesar to beg him to spare
them.

1 auctoritas insignis. ^ facultas. ^ soUertia. * pro-
hibeo. ^ fons. * cuniculus. ^ detero. * non neces-
sisuius. » Lit. 'destitute of all hope of safety.'

62 Latin Composition

Exercise 37

It IS said that there was once a very famous 1
Greek general who loved nothing better than plots 2
and conspiracies. Accordingly ^ he used to send
messengers frequently to a Persian^ satrap ^ at
Sardis, ^ thinking that the barbarian would very
easily be persuaded to send an army into Greece.
But there were some people who began to notice '^
that no messenger sent to the satrap ever returned
home, and no one could tell why this was so. * Fi-
nally the general chose ^ a lad of unusual intelli-
gence 1® to carry a letter to Sardis. Fearing that
the letter contained something written about him-
self, the boy loosed the string 11 and broke the seal. ^
When the letter was opened, he discovere'd ^^ that
the general had ordered ^^ that he should be killed by
the satrap, if he brought the letter through, i^
This had been done that no news 1^ might ever come
back about the plans and plots of the general.

Exercise 38

When Hanno's fleet arrived at Malta,^^ an island
which the Greeks had abandoned three years before,

^ nobUis. * dolus. ' Direct discourse. '* Persicus.
» Use praetor. • Sardes, -ium, F. ' animadverto.
« res ita se habet ^ deligo. ^^ soUertia insignis. ^^ li-
num laxo. ^^ signtim detraho. ^' reperio. ^* iubeo.
^^ perfero. " novum, -i, N. '^ Melita.

English-Latin Exercises 63

it is reported that many of the soldiers desired to
proceed at once to Tarentum on the mainland, i
But thinking that this would be dangerous and that
his forces should be spared ^ as much as possible,
the admiral ^ decided to wait for the other ships,
and he could not be moved from his resolution.^

Learning ^ this, the enemy set out secretly from
Syracuse, and never did any triremes sail faster
than those; and if some of their number had not
wandered^ from the course, many people think
that Hanno would have been driven back to Africa.
Yet he was a leader of marvellous skill, i and in his
fleet were many men of valor. Consequently I do
not believe that the Carthaginians ^ had any occa-
sion to fear that he could not defend their interests,®
even if he should be attacked by enemies however i^
strong.

Exercise 39

" Fellow citizens,'' said Cicero," you recall,ii per-
haps, that during my quaestorship 12 in Sicily the
long forgotten i^ tomb of Archimedes was discovered
in the neighborhood 1^ of Syracuse — an event that
happened on this wise : The people of Syracuse ^^

^ continens. ^paxco (gerundive), 'praef actus. *de
sententla depello. * cognosco. ' erro. ^ prudentla
mirabilis. *Poeni. *res. ^^^quamvis. ^imemini
(with pres. infin,). ^^ cum-clause. i» neglectus. " ad.
^ Syracusani.

64 Latin Composition

declared that they had never heard of the tomb,
and could scarcely be persuaded that it would be
found near their city. But I had come into pos-
session of 1 some' verses which it was said had been
inscribed long before on his monument, and which
stated that on top of the tomb were placed a sphere ^
and cylinder.^ And so, when I and a few of the
inhabitants had come through the city to the gates,
I looked about and at once saw ^ the sphere and
cylinder. Everything was choked ^ with briers ; ®
and, in order to make the way of approach "^ easier,
men were sent in to cut them down.^ ^ Thus we
came to the monument, finding upon it traces ® of
the verses and the name of Archimedes.\ Conse-
quently it seems quite likely i^ that a very distin-
guished ii city would have wholly 12 forgotten the
tomb of its most illustriously citizen, had not the
people been instructed 1^ by a Roman how to find
it/'

Exercise 40

When Altorius had been away more than five
years, he returned ^^ to i\thens 1^ with the other
generals. And though these all had tried equally ^^

^ nanciscor. ^ sphaera. * cylindrus. * animadverto.
« oppletus. « dumus. ^ aditus. ^ ezcido. * vestigium.
1® veri simile (superL), " nobilis. " plane. " celeber.
" I.e. 'taught.' "reverter. " Plu. noun. " aeque.

English-Latin Exercises 65

to save^ the state, the citizens ran to the ship of
Altorius only ,2 as though the victory had been
won 5 by his valor alone.^ For all were persuaded
that there never had been a greater general than he,
and they had no doubt ^ that their ^ armies had
often been defeated in earlier times ^ for the rea-
son that s they had not hesitated to banish ^ a
man of suchi^ noteworthy valor. And it seems
that they did not think thus without good^i rea-
son; 12 for as soon as^^ Altorius had been put in
charge 1* of an army, the glory of Athens steadily
increased. On this occasion, when Altorius had
landed from i^ the ship, he made a speech to 1^ the
people ; and there was no one who did not believe
that the Athenians would never be conquered, if
they should always have generals like him.

Exercise 41

After 1'^ he had gained possession I8 of the town,
Agesilaus warned the Spartans that other forces
would be sent at once from Asia into Greece, unless
the Persians 1® shoiild be attacked without delay in
their own countr y. Alarmed by these words, the

1 conservo. ^ Adv. ' pario. * Masc, ^ Use non
dubito. «suus. ^antea. ^quod. J> in ezsilium pello.
10 tarn. " Omit. " causa. ^^ simul atque. ^* praeficio.
isegredior ex. ^^apud. ^^postquam. ^^ potior.
" Persae.

66 Latin Composition

Spartans adopted i the following 2 plan : They put
Agesilaus in command ^ of all their forces, with
orders^ to sail as quickly as possible to Asia. So
the latter, collecting all the ships he could find, sup-
plied 5 them with provisions,^ and put on board "^
the bravest s sailors he could secure. Before this
began to be generally ^ known, Agesilaus set sail,
fearing that in some way the news of the expedi-
tion 10 might reach Asia before him. This, of
course, ^ was the best plan to follow ; 12 and he had *

no reason to^^ regret 1^ his haste afterward. For ^^3. ^
on his arrival he caught ^^ the Persians unpre- \x<^1[it^
pared, ^^ and it is reported that no one ever'^^^jk*^^*^
gamed i^ an easier victory than he.

Exercise 42

Fellow soldiers,^^ a Roman general had long
besieged in vain a very large town on a lofty hill,
when a certain one of the soldiers who daily left
camp to get water noticed that some goats were
feeding on the side of the mountain farthest 19 from
the Romans. Thinking that he, too, perhaps could

1 ineo. * Use talis. « praeficio. < Not noun. » in-
struo. • commeatus (sing.). ^ escendere iubeo. ASCChjir B
B Attract into rel. clause. ^ vulgo. ^^ fama profec- «; m^^^*^

tionis. " scilicet. « Lit. ' best thing to do.' " Use Jditn,

causa cur. i« paenitet. ^^ opprimo. ^« incautus.
»^ reporto. i* commilito. " Rel. clause.

English-Latin Exercises 67

climb up by this same route,i the man essayed 2 the
ascent, using rocks and old ^ roots of trees as foot-
holds.^ In this way he finally came to the top of the
hill, and there found all of the enemv massed at a
point where the Romans usually made their assaults.
Therefore, without being seen by anyone,^ he de-
scended quickly, and returning to camp informed
the general what he had discovered, urging him
not to let slip ^ such an opportunity to stampede ^
the enemy. Hearing this, the commander se-
lected ^ a few men and sent them with trumpets to
scale the hill from behind,^ ordering that they
should wait in hiding ^^ until a signal was heard
from the camp ; then each man was to sound i^ his
trumpet. This arrangement made, the other forces
began 12 simultaneously a fierce assault; and when
the trumpets sounded, it is said that the enemy
fled panicstricken in every direction, thinking that
they were surroun(Jed on all sides by the Romans.

Exercise 43

At Syracuse, a city that once was very famous,!^
a certain king had reigned for more than two years.
And now a noble Athenian, a man of intelligence,

» Omit. * tempto. ^ aridus. * 'using as footholds/
nitor, with ahl. * I.e. ' having been seen by no one.'
*dimitto. ^ftigo. ^deligo. ' Use aversus. ^^insidiae.
" cano, with abl. " facie. " celeber.

68 Latin Composition

who had come to Sicily a few years before, entered
uponi a plan of the following 2 sort to kill the ty-
rant: He warned the king that many inhabitants ^
of Sicily were hostile to him, and that he surely
would be assassinated, unless he should appoint^
someone to act as a spy.^ "This r81e ^ I am willing
myself to undertake," ^ said he. " I will pre-
tend to be your enemy, and then everyone will tell
me freely what they are planning "^ against you."

On the approval of this plan, the man armed him-
self without exciting s the suspicion of the king,
and on the next holiday selected certain youths
of huge stature,^ and sent them to the house ^^
where the king had gone to take his siesta.^^ Ad-
mitted there because sent by the Athenian, they
very easily killed the king in his bed. There are
some who think, however, that if the king had been
more popular,i2 the soldiers who were on guard ^^
would have rushed in and saved his life.

Exercise 44

After 14 Epaminondas had returned i^ to Tliebes,!^
he and the men who had been made his colleagues 1^

^ ineo. 2 is. > incola. * eligo. ^ speculor. * partes
suscipio. 7 molior. ^ Omit. * mirabilis magnitudo
corporis. ^^ aedes. ^^ meridio. '^ populo cams. ^^ in
statione sum. ^^ubi. ^'^revertor. ^<>Thebae.
17 collega.

EnglishrLatin Exercises 69

were brought to trial i on the ground that they had
retained their commands without authorization 2 of
the people. Thinking that the others ought ^ to
be spared, if possible/ Epaminondas urged them to
cast all the blame ^ upon him only, and to declare
that they never would have ventm^d to disregard ^
the laws, if they. had not been persuaded by him.
Thus^ though no one defended ^ them, ^ they
were all acquitted ; ^ and there were some who
thought that Epaminondas would not even attempt
to clear 1^ himself. But when the day of trial ii
came, he made a speech before the jurors, 12 in
which he declared that he was not unwilling to die,
but that he begged one thing ^ of them, namely, ^
that they would inscribe upon his tomb : i^ ''Epami-
nondas was condemned to death i^ because he com-
pelled the Thebans i^ to conquer the Spartans i^
and because he rescued Greece from servitude."
When this was heard, a laugh broke out, i^ and no
one dared to cast a vote 1^ in regard to him. It is
reported that the Thebans were remarkably dull ; i^

» in iudicium voco. * iniussu. « Gerundive. * Lit. ' if

«

it could be done.' <^culpain conferre (in and ace).
'resisto. ^ Abl. ahs. (active). * Omit. * absolvo.
^^ purgo. " iudicium. ^ indices. ^^ sepnlchmm.
^« capitis damno. I'^Thebani. ' ^^^ Lacedaemonii.

" ezorior. " suffragium fero. " Lit. ' of remarkable
dullness ' (stoliditas).

70 Latin Composition

but it seems that on this occasion they very easily
appreciated! Epaminondas' witty remark.^

Exercise 45

During an illness ^ of Dionysius the Elder, * his
son-in-law 5 Dion asked the physicians whether^
they thought the king would die*. ITiis Dion did
because he wished that Dionysius the Younger"^
should share ^ the kingdom with his own son, and
hoped that the king could be persuaded to make
this arrangement ^ before he died. These words
the doctors ventured ^^ to report to^^ the younger
Dionysius ; and he, in fear 12 that Dion might find
some opportunity to influence i^ his^^ father, com-
pelled the doctors to administer a sleeping potion i^
which caused the king's death. Then, realizing
that he was surpassed in ability ^^ by Dion, he pro-
vided the latter 17 with a ship in which to sail to
Corinth, saying that this was done for the sake ^^ of
both, in order that they might not (have toy^ fear
one anotlier.19 Some months later, learning that
Dion was gathering an army in Greece with the
idea^^ of attacking him, he gave Dion's wife in

1 intellego. ^ facete dictum. * cum-clause. < maior.
s gener. > num. ^ minor. > partior. * ita rem con-
stituo. 10 audeo. " defero ad? ^ Not noun. " im-
pello. i*Omit. "sopor. "ingenium. ,"ille.
" causa. ^^ inter se.

English-Latin Exercises 71

marriage to another, and purposely ^ taught his
son the worst vices 2 When finally Dion returned
to his fatherland and drove out the tyrant, it is
said that the son was so ruined ^ that he could not
ref orm,4 and cast himself down from the upper 5
part of the house * and so perished.

Exercise 46

'' But, to come back to my ^ subject,'' ^ said An-
tonius, *'I am not as stoical as ^ Themistocles was.
For it is related that he actually ^^ chose ^i to prac-
tice ^ the art of forgetting rather than that of mem-
ory, on the ground that there are more evils than
joys in life. I for my part^^ prefer to remember
everj^hing, though there are experiences 1^ which
are hard to bear^^ and the veryi^ recollection of
which causes pain. So I feel under obligation i*^ to
the man who is said to have been the pioneer ^^ in
organizing 1® the science ^o of memory. He was a
poet; and the story runs that once when he had gone
to Larissa in Thessaly, he dined at the house of a 21

^ de industria. ' dedecus (with adj. magnus). * de-
pravatus. * vitae modum commute. ' superior.
• aedes. ^ Omit. « res. » Lit. ' of such hardness
(duritia) of mind as.' ^^ ultro. " malo. ^^ ezerceo.
" equidem. ^* Lit. ' things.' " perpetior. *« ipse.
^^ gratiam habeo. ^'princeps. ^*Lit. ' of organizing '
(constituo). 2<>ars. ^^quidam.

72 Latin Composition

very rich man. While i he was there reciting a
poem 2 which he had written in honor of^ the
host, ^ it was annomiced to him that two youths
were standing outside ^ who wished to speak with
the poet. The latter at once went forth, and, finding
no one,^ was about to return, when the house sud-
denly collapsed."^ In^ this accident the owner®
and many of the guests i^ were killed, the bodies of
all being so mangled ^^ that no one could tell them
apart,i2 xmtil the poet, who recalled where each
had reclined, ^^ solved the difficulty i^ — an ex-
perience i^ which taught him that a science of mem-
ory might be developed." ^^

Exercise 47

Gentlemen of the juryP both my brother and I
remember that an atrocious murder was once com-
mitted 1^ in a forest in Sicily, and that the case of
those who were accused of the crime was put in the
hands of 1® Gains Laelius, a man of distinction and
an excellent orator. The latter tried to acquaint
himself with the facts 20 as soon as possible, making
use of the testimony of all the poorest 21 witnesses —

^ Direct disc. * carmen dico. * facio in and ace.
* hospes. B ante fores. « AbL abs» ' concido. * Means,
•dominus. ^^^conviva. ^^lacero. ^'intemosco.
i> cubo. ^* omnia expedio. ^^ res. 1* constituo.
" iudices: i« fio. " defero ad* " res factae. " levis.

English-Latin Exercises 73

an imprudence which he subsequently regretted.
For though he spoke eloquently i at the trial, the
jur^Tnen were by no means persuaded that the de-
fendants ^ were innocent. Laelius now desired
that the matter should be postponed ^ a few days,
in order that he might secure stronger evidence; ^
and postponement 5 was not refused. But when
he had pleaded * the case a second time and with
no better success,'^ thinking that it could be
handled ^ more advantageously by a very incisive ^
speaker, he advised the defendants to engage^®
another advocate, adding however that he would
not have taken this course, if it had been possible
for him in any way to win ^i the case himself. So,
having thanked Laelius, the defendants went to
Servius Galba, and urged him to speak in their be-
half.^ Galba hesitated long on the ground that
the case had already been pleaded by so able an
orator, but finally consented, and at the trial spoke
with such force and impressiveness ^^ that the de-
fendants were acquitted with the full approvaP^
of everyone.

1 copiose. ' reus. * differo. < indicium maius.
*dilatio. >dico. ^ Use f eliciter. ^tracto. Jacer.
^^'adhibeo. ^^obtineo. "pro. "auctoiitas. ^«ad-
sensus*

74 Latin Composition

Exercise 48

A farmer one day dreamed that he had found an
egg of remarkable size in his field; and a sooth-
sayer 1 gave it as his opinion ^ that it was thus in-
dicated that gold and silver would be discovered
there, these two metals being indicated by the colors
of the two piarts of an egg. Strangely enough, ^
gold and silver were found there, just as had been
predicted. There are some, however, who think
that the story would have been more convincing, ^
if it had Been shown also that the dream of no one
else about an egg had ever failed to ^ lead to hidden
treasure; ® for surely many people have had ^ such
a dream.

At the same time, we must admit that the story
told of Alexander is most marvellous. For it is
related that, when sitting beside ^ a sick friend, he
dreamed that a serpent brought him a tiny Jbranch ®
in its mouth, 10 and told him where it had been
plucked, 11 assuring him that this was the best rem-
edy which had ever been found for the condition ^
into which his friend had fallen. Then, aroused from
sleep, Alexander sent a man on horseback to the

1 coniector. » respondeo. • Lit. ' strange to relate.'
* probabilis. • Use non simply. < thesaurus* ' fa-
do. > assideo. * ramulus. ^^ Means. " decerpo.
" Lit. 'disease.'

English-Latin Exercises 75

place indicated, in order that the remedy might be
brought more quickly. Thus the friend was re-
stored to health.i However, although we do not
venture to say that this story is not true, let us
not pass judgment 2 on the subject ^ of dreams
until we hear the rest of the argmnents.

^sano. Mudico. ^quaestio.

VOCABULARY

English words in parentheses, unless in heavy face, are
added to limit the range of application of the words defined.

Figures in parentheses indicate the Exercise in which a
particular rendering is appropriate.

abl.t ablative.
acc.t accusative.
adj., adjective.
adv., adverb.
compar., comparative.
conj.t conjunction.
dat.f dative.
demon., demonstrative.
foil., following.
gen., genitive.
infin., infinitive.
inter., interrogative.

a, an, usually untranslated;

rarely quidam.
abandon, relinquo.
able, egregius.

able, be, possum,
about, adv.j fere,
about, prep., de and abl,
accept, accipio.
acceptable, gratus.
accident, casus.
accomplish, efficio.
accordingly, quare.
accuse, accuso; imputo and
dat. (14).

n., noun.
neg., negative.
pass., passive.
per/., perfect.
plu., plural.
prep., preposition.
reflex., reflexive.
rel., relative.
8ubj., subjunctive.
superl., superlative.
v., verb.

accuser, accusator.

acquaint self with, cognosce.

acquit, absolvo.

across, trans.

act, n.f f acinus.

act., v.y facio; se gerere.

action, res.

actual fact, res facta.

actually, ultro.

add, with foil, neg., nego.

administer, do.

admiral, praefectus.

admit, introduce, intromitto;

confiteor.
adopt (device) utor; (plan)

meo.

77

78

Vocabulary

adorn, adomo.

advance, progredior.

advantageous, utilis.

advantageously, bene.

adverse, adversus.

advice, consilium.

advise, suadeo.

advocate, patrpnus.

affairs, res (plu.).

Africa, Africa.

after, adv., post.

after, conj., postquam, ubi,

cum.
afterward, postea.
again, iterum; atque (31).
againstf in and contra with ace.
age, aetas.

Agesilaus, Agesilaus.
aggrieved, be, moleste fero.
ago, abhinc.
aid, n., opera,
aid, v., adiuvo.
alarm, commoveo.
Alexander, Alexander.
Alexandria, Alexandrea.
alive, vivus.
all, omnis, totus.

ali (of), onmes.
allies, socii.
allow, patior.

allowed, be, licet.

allow to slip, dimitto.
almost, paene.
alone, solus,
already, iam.
also, quoque, etiam.
altar, altaria (plu.).

although, quamquam, etsi.
Altorius, Altorius.
always, semper.
ambassador, legatus.
among, apud and ace.; in and

abl.; inter and ace.
ancient, vetus.

and, et, -que, ac (atque),
autem.
and he, she, it, rd. pro.
and never, neque umquam.
and no, nee (neque) ; neque

ullus.
and no one, nee quisquam.
and not, nee (neque).
and nothing, nee quidquam.
and so, quare, quam ob

rem, itaque.
and that not, neve,
and then, quare (43).
and yet not, nee (neque).
anger, ira.
announce, nuntio.
another, alius; (a second) al-
ter; see one thing • • .
another thing,
antiquity, antiquitas.
Antonius, Antony, Antonius.
anxious, be, volo.
any, ullus.

anyone (after si), quis; (in some
negative connections) quis-
quam; ullus (15).
anyone else, quivis alius.
anjTwhere, usquam.
Apis, Apis.
Apollo, Apollo.

Vocabulary

79

appear, appareo, r e p e r i o

(pciss.) ; prodeo.
appearance, species,
appoint, eligo.
appreciate, intellego.
approach, n., adventus.
approach, v., appropinquo.
approve, probo.
Archimedes, Archimedes.
Argos, Argi.

argument, argumentum.
arise, surge.
Aristotle, Aristoteles.
arm, armo.
arms, anna,
army, exercitus.
aroused from sleep, be, exper-

giscor.
arrangement, res.
arrest, in custodiam trade, in

vincula cenicie.
arrive, pervenie.
art, ars.
artist, opifex.

as, dum, cum, ut. See so

much as, and such as.

as • • . as, tam . . . quam.

as ... as possible,

quam and superl.
as a matter of fact, re v^ra.
as much as possible, quam

maxime.
as soon as, simtd ac (atque),

cum primum.
as soon as possible, quam

primum.
as though, (ita) . . . quasi.

ascent, ascensus.

Asia, Asia.

ask, pete, pesce, postule, rege.

asleep, be, quiesce.

assassinate, occide.

assault, impetus, pugna.

assembly, concilium.

assert (toith foil, neg.), nego.

assist, adiuve.

assure, cenfirme, affirmo.

astonished, greatly, ebstupe-

factus.
at, in and aU.; (motion) in
and ace.

at first, prime.

at house of, apud and ace.

at length, pestremo.

at once, statim, continue.

at Tarentum, Tarentinus.

at that time, turn, que qui-
dem tempore.

at the same time, tamen.
Athenian, Atheniensis.

Athenians, the, Athenienses.
Athens, Athenae.
atrocious, atrox.
attack, n., impetus,
attack, V.J aderier, oppugne.
attempt, cener.
avenge, ulciscer.
avoid, vite.
away, be, absum.

B

bad, malus.
Balbus, Balbus.
banish, in exsilium pelle.

80

Vocabulary

barbarian, barbarus.

battle, proelium; gerund of

pugno.
be, sum.

be custom, soleo.

be far from, longe absum.

be now, (res) se habere,
beautiful, pulcher.
beauty, pulchritude, venustas,

forma,
because, quod,
because of, propter,
become, fio.

become angry, ira incendo
(pass.).

become known, cognosco
(pass.).
bed, lectus.
befall, accido.
before, adv.j ante.
before, conj., priusquam.
before, prep^f ante, apud and

ace,
beg, oro, posco.
begin (perf. tenses) , coepi;

(attack) J facio.
believe, credo, puto, reor.
belonging to another, alienus.
beneficence, beneficentia.
besiege, obsideo.
betake self, se conferre.
betray, prodo.
beyond the Rhine, Transrhe-

nanus.
bind, alligo.
blame, culpa.
blood, sanguis.

board, conscendo.
boat, navis.
body, corpus,
bold, audax.
boldly, audacter.
both, uterque.
boy, puer.
brave, fortis.
break (camp), moveo.
breastwork, munitio.
bridge, pons.

bring, adduco, adfero, d^ero,
fero.

bring out, promo,
brother, frater.
Brundlslum^ Brundisium.
bull, taurus.
bum, incendo.
buxy, sepelio.
but, sed, autem, at, tamen.

but If, sin autem.
by, a (ab) and abl.

by this means, sic.

Caesar, Caesar,
calamity, incommodum.
call, appello; advoco, convoco.
camp, castra.
caift, possum.

captain, legatus, praefectus.
captive, captivus.
capture, capio.
care, volo.
carry, fero, porto.
carry away, aufero; (to), de-
fero.

Vocabulary

81

cany out, perficio.
Carthage, Carthago.
Carthaginian, Poenus.

Carthaginians, the, Poeni.
case, causa,
cast down, deicio.
Catiline, Catilina.
cause, causa.
cause (pain), adfero.

cause death of, neco.
cavalry, equites.
centre of, medius.
certain, a certain, a certain

one, quidam.
certainly, profecto.
chain, vinctdum.
chance, occasio.
charm, venustas.
children, liberi.
choose, deligo, malo.
Cicero, Cicero,
circumstance, res.
citizen, civis.
city, urbs.
clearly, plane.
Cleomenes, Cleomenes.
climb out, climb up, escendo.
Clodius, Clodius.
coast, litus.

cold, very, a^., perfrigidus.
cold, n,, frigus.
collect, colligo.
color, color.

come, venio, pervenio; (to)
adeo; (time), sum.

come back, redeo; pass, of
refero (37).

coming events, futura.
command, n., imperium.
command, v,, impero; duco

(24).
commander, imperator, prae-

fectus.
commonly, vulgo.
compare, compare,
compel, cogo.
complain, queror.
concerns, it, interest.
condemn, condemno.
condemn to death, capitis

damno.
conduct (toar), gero.
conquer, vinco.
conscript fathers, patres con-

scripti.
consent, concede,
consequently, itaque, igitur,

quare.
conspiracy, conluratio.
consul, consul.
contain, habeo.
convey, fero.
copy, imitor.
Corcyra, Corcyra.
Corinth, Corinthus.
could, possum; potentUd subj.
council, concilium,
country, regio, fines; rus;

(their) patria.
countryman, civis.
courage, virtus.
course, cursus; see take this

course,
cowardice, ignavia.

82

Vocabulary

Crassus, Crassus.
Crete, Greta.
crime, facinus, scelus.
cross, transeo.
cruel, crudelis.
cry, inquam.

cry out, clamo.
cup, poculum.
Curio, Curio.
custom, mos.

daily, cotidie; in dies,
danger, periculum.
dangerous, periculosus, infe-

stus.
dare, audeo.
day, dies; see one day.
dead, mortuus.

dead, be, interficio (pass.).

dead man, mortuus.
deceive, fallo.
decide, constituo, decemo.

decided, constitutus.
declare, with foil, neg., nego.
decree, decemo.
dedicate, dedico.
deed, facinus.
defeat, vinco, devinco.
defend, defendo.
defendant, reus.
defense, causa, defensio.
delay, n., mora,
delay, v., moror.
demand, posco, postulo.
deposit, colloco.
deprive, spolio.

descend, descendo.

descent, descensus.

desert, desero.

desire, volo.

despoil, spolio.

destitute, destitutus.

detain, retineo.

device, consilium.

devise (plan)^ ineo.

die, morior; see dead.

differ, differo.

difficult, difficilis.

dig (tunnel) f facio.

dine, ceno.

Diomedes, Diomedes.

Dion, Dion.

Dionysius, Dionysius.

direct, iubeo.

disaster, detrimentum.

disclose, aperio.

discover, invenio, reperio,

eruo, patefacio, sentio,

video,
disease, morbus,
disgrace, dedecus.
display, ostendo.
distant, be, absum.
distinction, nobilitas.
distinguished, nobilis, illu-

stris.
disturb, commoveo.
do, facio.

do not, noli, nolite.
doctor, medicus.
document, liber.
done, be, fio.
door, fores.

Vocabulary

83

doubt, n.f dubium.

doubt, there be, dubito
(pass.),
doubt, v., dubito.
drain, haurio.
draw near, propius accedo.

draw off, averto.
dream, n., somnium.
dream, v.^ somnio.
drive (oirf), eicio, expello.

drive back, reicio, pello.

drive off, depello.

drive out, expello.

£

each, quisque.
earth, terra,
easily, facile,
eatsy, faeilis.
egg, ovum.
EgSTPt, Aegyptus.

Egyptians, the, Aegyptii.
eighty, octoginta.
elect, deligo.
else, alter (48); see anyone

else,
elude, fallo.

embrace (opportunity), utor.
encounter, proelium.
encourage, cohortor.
end, finis,
enemy, hostis.
engage, adhibeo.
enjqy, utor.

enter upon (plan)j ineo.
Epaminondas, Epaminondas.
equestrian, equester.

escape, effugio, evado.
escort, comitor, deduco.
essay, tempto.
even, etiam, vero; after neg.,

ne . . . quidem; see

never even,
event, res.

ever, umquam; semper,
eveiy, omnis.
everyone, omnes.
everything, omnia,
evidence, indicium,
evil, detrimentum, malum,
excellent, egregius; superL of

bonus,
execute, morte afficio.
exercise, se exercere.
exile, exsul; exsilium.
expediency, utile,
expedient, utilis.
expel, expello.
exploit, re&
exposed, nudus.
eye, oculus.

Fabius, Fabius.

fable, fabula.

fact, res; often induded in

neiU. pro. or adj.
fair, pulcher.
faithful, fidelis.
fall (into), incido.
famous, nobilis, celeber.
far, longe.
farmer, agricola.
fast, celeriter; arte (13).

84

Vocabulary

father, pater,
fatherland, patria.
fear, metuo, timeo, vereor.
feed, pascor.
feel, censeo.

feel under obligation, gra-
tiam habeo.
fellow citizens, Quirites.

fellow soldier, commilito.
few, a few, pauci.
Fides, Fides.
field, ager.
fierce, acer.
fifty, quinquaginta.
fill, compleo.
finally, postremo.
find, invenio, reperio; co-
gnosco, sentio.

find out, reperio.
finger, digitus.
finish, perficio.
first, primus; (of month) ^

Kalendae.
five, quinque.
flee, fugio, refugio.
fleet, classis.
flight, fuga.
flock, pecus.
follow, sequor.
following, the, is, hie.
foot, pes.

for, conj.j nam, enim.
for, prep.y pro. and ahl.

for the reason that, quod.

for the sake of, causa.
force, vis.

forces, copiae.

forest, silva.

forget, obliviscor.

forgetting, oblivio.

forgive, ignosco.

fortification, munitio.

fortune, fortuna.

forum, forum.

four hundred, quadringenti.

free, libero.

freely, libere.

frequently, saepe.

friend, amicus; see their

friends,
frighten, commoveo, terreo.
from, e (ex), a (ab), de and

abl.; with verbal in -ingf

quominus.
full, summus; (speed), superl.

of magnus.
fully, plane,
furtiiermore, quid (29).

gain, adipiscor, sussequor;
(victory) pario, reporto.
gain possession of, potior.
Gains, Gains; abbreviated C.
Galba, Galba.
Gallic, Gallicus.
garden, hortus.
garments, vestis.
gate, porta.

gather, colligo, cogo; convenio.
Gaul, Gallia.
' Gauls, the, Galli.
general, imperator, dux.
Germans, Germani.

VocahiUary

85

get possession of, potior.

get water, aquor.
gift, munus, donum. •

girl, puella, virgo.
give, do, praebeo; (honor) ^
habeo.

give in marriage, in matri-
monium do.

give orders, iubeo, impero.

give up, trado.
gladly, libenter.
Slory, gloria.

go, 60, abeo, proficiscor, se
conferre, venio; (oiUside),
prodeo.

go forth, exeo.
goat, caper,
god, dens.
gold, adj., aureus,
gold, n., aurum.
golden, aureus.
good, bonus.
governor, praetor,
great, magnus; (beauty, etc.),
insignis; (weight), grandis.

greatest, summus.
Greece, Graecia.
Greek, Graecus.

Greeks, the, Graeci.
guard, custodio.
guards, custodiae.

had not, nisi.

Hamilcar, Hamilcar.

hand, manus.

handsome, pulcher, formosus.

Hanno, Hanno.

happen, accido, fio, sum.

harass, lacesso.

harbor, portus.

hard, durus.

harsh, asper.

haste, celeritas.

hasten, propero.

hastily, celeriter.

hatred, odium.

have, habeo.

he, is, ille, ipse; reflex, sui.

Mostly untranslated; at

beginning of sentence, the

rel. often.may be used.
hear, audio.

hearty (thanks), magnus.
heir, heres.
Helen, Helena,
help, adiuvo, auxilio sum,

auxilio venio, auxilium

fero.
Hercules, Hercules,
here, ubi (12).

here, be, adsum.
herself, ipsa,; reflex., sui.
hesitate, dubito, cunctor.
hesitation, cunctatio.
hidden, reconditus.
high (price), magnus.
highest, summus.
high priest, pontifex maxi-

mus.
hill,* collis.

himself, ipse; refl^ex., sui.
his, eius; reflex., suus; often

untranslated.

86

Vocabulary

his men, reflex., sui.

his own, ipsius; reflex., suns
in emphatic position; suus
ipsius (45).

his property, reflex., sua.
hold, censeo.
holiday, dies festus.
home, domus, domicilium.
honor, n., honor,
honor, v., honorem tribuo.
hope, n., spes.
hope, v., spero.
horse, equus.
horseman, eques.
Hortensius, Hortensius.
hostile, inimicus.
house, aedes, domus.
how, (degree) quam; (manner)
quo modo.

how great, quantus.

how many, quot.
however, sed, autem, tamen;
ac (47).

however if, sin autem.
human, humanus.

human being, homo,
hurry, propero.

I, ego; often untranslated.
idea, causa in purpose clause.
if, si. See but if and however
if.
if not, nisi,
ill, aeger.
illness, morbus,
illustrious, clarus.

image, imago,
immortal, inunortalis.
impossible, be, fieri non posse.
imprison, in vincula conicio.
imprisoned, be, in vinculis
habeo (pass.).
imprudence, temeritas.
in, in and abl.; (motion), in
and aoc.
in a body, universus.
in a short time, brevi.
in behalf of, pro and abl.
in case, si.
in every direction, omnes

in partes,
in fact, quin etiam, re vera.
in haste, celeriter.
in no wise, in neg. clause,

quid (1).
in order that, vnth following

comparative, quo.
in order that not, ne.
in order to, ut; with foUovy

ing comparative, quo.
in place of, pro and abl.
in regard to, de and abl.
in the city, iu*banus.
in the distance, procul.
in this manner, in this way,

ita, sic.
in vain, f rustra.
inasmuch as, cum, quod,
incisive, acer.
increase, cresco.
indeed, quin etiam, re vera,
indicate, monstro, significo,
patefacio.

Vocabulary

87

induce, persuadeo.
infer, iudico.
inflict, infero.
infonn, certiorem facio.
inhabitant, incola.
inheritance, herediias.
injure, noceo.
injury, iniuria.
inn, deveraorium.
innkeeper, caupo.
innocent, insons, innocens.
inscribe, inscribo.
interests, res (plu.).
into, in and ace.

into it, (beginning sentence) f
quo (12).

into which, quo.
invite, arcesso.
island, instda.
issue order, impero.
it, its; see he and his.
Italian, Italicus.
Italy, Italia,
itself, ipsum; reflex,, sui.

jar, amphora.

join, se coniungere cum and

abl.
journey, iter facio.
joy, gaudium.
judge, existimo.
judgment, iudicum.
Juno, luno.
Jupiter, lupiter.
juror, juiyman, iudex.
just, a(y., aequus.

just as, ut, perinde ut.
just as though, perinde
quasi,
justice, iustitia.

keep, retineo, habeo, contineo.
kill, interficio, occido.

kill off, interficio.
king, rex.
kingdom, regnum.
know, scio; cognosco (41).

known, notus.

lad, adtdescens.

Laelius, Laelius.

land, egredior ex and abl,

lands, fines.

large, magnus.

Larissa, Larissa.

last, proximus.

lately, nuper.

later, post.

latter, the, ille; beginning

sentence, sometimes qui.
laugh, risus.
law, lex.
lead, duco; (to) adduco.

lead out, educe,
leader, dux; princeps.
learn, dognosco, intellego,
reperio.

learn of, cognosco.
leave, relinquo, desero; abeo,
discedo, proficiscor, egre-
dior (ex and abl,).

88

Vocabulary

legion, legio.

let slip, dimitto.

letter, litterae.

lieutenant, legatus.

life, vita.

like, similis.

likely, veri similis.

likeness, simulacrum, simili-

tudo.
linger, moror, maneo.
little, a^j.y parvus,
little, adv.f parum.

little later, a, patdo post,
live, vivo, sum.

live by plundering, latro-
cinor.
lofty, editus.
long, adj., diutinus. '
long, adv., diu.

long before, multo ante,
look about, circumspicio.
lose, amitto, dimitto.

lost, be, pereo.
loss, damnum,
love more, pluris facio.
Lydia, Lydia.

M

Macedonia, Macedonia,
magistrate, magistratus.
maiden, puella.
make (arran^eTTien/), constituo.

make known, expono.

make speech, orationem
habeo.

make use of, utor.

make way (to), se conferre.

Malta, MeHta.

man, homo, vir; is; sometimes

untranslated.
man, the, ille; beginning

sentence, sometimes qui.
many, many a, many of,

multi.
many more, mtdto fre-

quentiores.
march, iter facio.

march forth, proficiscor.
Marcus, Marcus, abbreviated

M.
marriage, matrimonium.
marvellous, mirabilis, miran-

dus.
Masinissa, Masinissa.
mass, cogo.
master, dominus.
matter, res; sometimes in"

duded in neut. pro. or

adj.
means, modus; see by this

means,
meet, convenio, offendo; con-

gredior cum and abl. (18).
Megaia, Megara (fem. sing,

and nerd, plu.),
memory, memoria.
Mens, Mens,
mention, commemoro.
mercy, humanitas.
mere, ipse,
merely, tantum.
messenger, nuntius.
metal, metallum.
might, possum.

Vocabulary

8§

mind, animus.
Minerva, Minerva,
money, pecunia.
month, mensis.
moniunent, monumentum.
more, magis; amplius; see

love more,
moreover, porro.
most, maxime.
mother, mater.
moimtahi, mons.
mouth, OS.
move, incendo (12).
much, adj., magnus, multus,

amplus.
much, adv. J vehementer; with

interest, maxima ; see

more and most,
murder, n., caedes.
murder, t;., neco.
Muses, Musa«.
must, gerundive.
my, mens; often untranslated.
myself, oblique cases of ego;

intensive, ipse.

N

name, nomen.

nation, gens.

near, prope, baud procul; see

draw near,
nearest, proximus.
nearly, paen^.
negligence, neglegentia.
neighboring, finitimus.
never, numquam; see and

never.

never even, ne . . . quidem
umquam (26).
nevertheless, tamen.
new, novus.

news, novum,
next, proximus.
night, nox; see one night,
no, adj. nullus.

no one, nemo; see and no
one and that no one.
no, adv. ace., nihil,
noble, notus.
none, nemo.

not, non; (hortatory) ne; see
had not.

not at all, nuUo modo.

not care, nolo.

not even, ne . . . quidem.

not only . . . but also, non
solum . . . sed etiam.

not to, ne.

not true, falsus.

not wish, nolo.

not yet, nondum.
note, animadverto.
noted, nobilis.

noteworthy, insignis, nobilis.
nothing, nihil; see and nothing,
notice, animadverto.
now, nunc, iam.
number, numerus.
numerous, multi.

obey, pareo.
obligation; see
obligation.

feel under

*)

Vocabulary

oblige, cogo.

occasion, occasio, tempus;
causa; see on this occa-
sion,
odium, odium,
of, e (ex); ( = ^from*) a (ab);

i'^* concerning') de andabl.

of age, use natus.

of Athens, Atheniensis.

of August, Sextilis.

of character, probus.

ot courage, fortis.

of course, scilicet.

of discretion, prudens.

of distinction, clarus, no-
bills.

of fortitude, fortis.

of his, reflex. t suus.

of influence, potens.

of integrity, fidelis.

of intelligence, prudens.

of justice, aequus.

of mine, meus.

of note, nobilis.

of piety, sanctus.

of reputation, nobilis, clarus.

of Sicily, Siciliensis.

of standing, nobilis.

of the king's, regius.

of the sort, eius modi.

of valor, fortis.

of wealth, dives, locuples.
office, honor,
officer, praepositus, legatus;

magistratus.
often, saepe.
olive, oliva.

on, in' and ahl.; {motion) , in
and ace.; (=^^ concerning')
de and abl.

on all sides, undique.

on condition that, si.

on every hand, undique.

on horseback, equo vectus.

on one occasion, olim.

on the ground that, quod.

on the other hand, autem.

on the other side of, trans.

on this occasion, tum.

on this wise, ita.
once, olim, quondam; semel.

once more, rursus.
one, unus, quidam; (of two),
alter; sometimes trans-
lated by indefinite second
singular.

one day, olim.

one night, noctu.

one thing . . . another
thing, aliud . . . aliud.
only, adj., solus.
only, adv., solum, tan tum.
open (letter), solvo
oJ>enly, palam.
opinion, sententia.
opportunity, facultas, occasio,

opportunitas.
oppress, opprimo.
or, aut.

or not, necne.
orator, orator.
order, n., imperium.
order, v., iubeo, impero.
other, alius.

Vocabulary

91

other, the, ceteri; (of two)

alter.
others, alii,
others, the, ceteri.
ought, gerundive; oportet.
our, noster.
our men, nosjri.
our own, noster in emphatic
position.
ourselves, oblique cases of nos.
out of, e (ex) and abl.
outside, extra and ace.
own, gen. of ipse. See his
own, etc.

' pain, molestia, dolor:
paint, pingo.
painter, pictor.
palm, palma.

panicstrlcken, perterritus.
part, pars.
pass (by), praetereo; (through)

iter facio.
peace, quies.
people, populus; homines;

often untranslated; (of

town) oppidani.
people of Syracuse, Syracu-

sani.
perceive, sentio.
perhaps, fortasse.
perish, pereo.
Persian, Persicus.

Persians, the, Persae.
person, homo, vir.
persuade, persuadeo. '

Pharsalus, Pharsalus.
Philo, Philo.

philosopher, philosophus.
physician, medicus.
picture, tabula, pictura.
pirate, pirata.
place, n.f locus,
place, v., loco, pono.
plan, n.f consilium.
plan, v., constituo.
plant, sero.
plead (case), dico.
pleasure, voluptas.
plot, consilium, dolus,
poet, poeta.
point, locus,
point out, dico.
Pompey, Pompeius.
Pontus, Pontus.
poor, pauper; miser.
port, portus.
position, locus,
possess, habeo, possideo.
possessions, res (plu.), bona,
possible, quam tuith superl. of
adj. (16).
possible for, be, use possum,
posterity, posteritas.
power, auctoritas, potestas.
praetor, praetor.
praise, laus.
predict, praedico.
prefer, malo.
presently, brevi.
preserve, conservo.
pretend, simulo.
prevail, supero.

92

Vocabulary

prevent, prohibeo.
previous, superior,
previously, antea, prius.
price, omitted in translation.
priest, pontifex, sacerdos.
prison; see send to prison
prisoner, captivus.
proceed, proveho {jmss.), pro-

ficiscor.
proceeding, res.
produce, efiicio.
promise, n., promissum.
promise, v., polliceor.
property, res {sing, and plu.).
prosperous, felix.
protection, praesidium.
provide, praebeo.
province, provincia.
Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus.
public, publicus.
Publius, Publius, abbreviated

P.
purpose, causa in purpose

clause.
put in charge (command),

praeficio.
put in hands of, defero ad

and ace.
put to death, interficio.
put to flight, fugo.
I^nro, I^ro.

quaestor, quaestor,
queen, regina.
quickly, celeriter.
quietly, clam.

Quintus, Quintus, abbrevi-

ated Q.
quite, plane.

rain, imber.

rapidly, celeritgr.

rare, singularis.

ratify, ratum habeo.

reach, pervenio ad and in

vrith ace.
read, lego,
readily, facile,
ready, paratus.

ready be, volo.
real, verus.

realize, sentio, intellego.
really, vere.
reason, causa; see for the

reason that,
recall, memini, recordor; re-

voco.
receive, accipio.
recklessness, audacia.
recognize, agnosco.
recollection, recordatio.
record, commemoro, expono.
recover, recipio.
refuse, nolo, recuso.
regard, habeo.
regarding, de and ahl.
regret, paenitet.
Regulus, Regulus.
reign, regno.

relate, dico, narro, trado, fero.
remain, moror, maneo, re-

maheo.

Vocabulary

93

remarkable, mirabilis, nota-

bilis.
remedy, remedium.
remember, memini.
remove, removeo.
render thanks, gratias ago.
renown, laus.
reply, inquam.

report, dice, trado; defero (ad).
rescue, libero.
resist, resisto.
rest of, the, reliquus.
restore, restituo, reficid.
retain, retineo.
retreat, se recipere.
return, reverter, redeo; reddo,

remitto.
reverse, detrimentum.
reward, praemium.
rich, locuples, dives,
right, acfj., aequus.
right, n., ius, honestum.
ring, anulus.
river, flumen.
road, iter, via.
rob, spolio.
rock, saxum.
Roman, adj, and n., Romanus.

Romans, the, Romani.
Rome, Roma.
roof, tectum.
root, radix,
rouse, excito.
route, via.
rule, rego; regno,
rumored, be, dico (pass.).
run (to) J advolo; see story runs.

run forward, procurro.
run up, accurro.
rush in, inrumpo.

sacrifice, immolo.

sadly, maestus.

safe, incolumis, tutus.

safely, tise incolumis.

safety, salus.

sail, n., velum.

sail, v.f navigo, navem solvo,

navem conscendo, veho

(pass.); see set sail,
sailor, nauta.

sake, causa in purpose clause.
same, the, idem.
Sardis, Sardes (plu.),
satisfy, satisfacio.
satrap, satrapes, praetor,
save, conservo.
say, dico, trado, inquam.
scale, ascendo.
scarcely, vix.
scatter, dispergo.
science, ars.
scout, explorator.
sea, mare.
second, a, alter.

second time, a, iterum.
secretly, clam.
secure, reperio, invenio.
securely, tuto.
see, video, sentio, cemo,

intellego, animadverto;

convenio.
seek, quaero.

94

Vocabulary

seem, videor.

seize, arripio.

select, deligo.

sell, vendo.

senate, senatus.

senate-house, curia.

senator, senator.

send, mitto, dimitto (27) .

send in, immitto.

send to prison, in custodiam
trade,
serpent, serpens,
servitude, servitus.
Servius, Servius, abbreviated

Ser.
sesterce, sestertius,
set forth, expono.

set out, proficiscor.

set sail, navem solve.

set the sails, vela facio.
several, cemplures.
shade, umbra,
ship, navis. ^

shore, litus.
shortly, brevi.

shortly afterward, paule
pest,
should, debeo; often translated

hy gerundive or infin.
show, decee, demonstre,

ostende.
shrine, delubrum.
Sicilian, adj.f Siculus.
Sicilian, n., heme Siculus.

Sicilians, the, Siculi.
Sicily, Sicilia.
sick, aeger.

side, pars,
signal, signum.
silver, argentum.
similar, similis.
simply, tantum.
simultaneously, simul.
single, a, unus.
sister, sorer,
sit, sedeo.
situated, situs,
six, sex.

sixty, sexaginta.
size, magnitude,
skill, sellertia, prudentia.
sky, caelum,
slave, servus.
small, parvus,
snow, nix.

so, adv., ita, sic; (degree) tarn,
so much ... as, tarn

'. . . quam.
so, conj., itaque, igitur, quare.
so that, ntith following conv-

par., que.
so that no one, ne quis.
Socrates, Secrates.
soldier, miles.
some, quidam, aliquot; after

si, ne, etc., shorter form of

aliquis; usually omitted in

svch phrases as * there are

some who.'
some . . . others, alii . .

alii,
someone, after si, ne, etc., quis.
something, aliquid; after si, ne,

etc., quid.

Vocabulary

95

sometimes, non numquam.
son, filius.
soon, brevi, mox.
sorry, be, paenitet.
sort, modus: see tills sort of.
somid, n., sonus.
somid, v.y cano.
sow, sere.

sp^re, parco, conserve.
Sparta, Sparta.
Spartans, the, Lacedae-

monik
speak, dice, loquor, colloquor,

inquam, dissero.
speaker, orator,
speech, oratio; see make

speech,
speed, celeritas.
splendid, praeclarus, superL

of bonus,
spoil, spolio.
spot, locus.
spring, fons.
stand, sto.

stand before, adsum.
start, proficiscor.
state, n., civitas.
state, v.f confirmo.
station, colloco.
statue, statua.
steadily, semper, usque,
steal, aufero.
stealthily, clam,
still, iam.
stir, incendo.
stone, saxum.
stop, moror.

story, fabula, fama, res.
story runs, the, memoriae

traditum est.
strange, mirabilis.
strength, vires,
strip, nudo.
strong, validus.
study, studium.
subdue, vinco.
subject, res. •
subsequentiy, postea.
such, adj.f talis, tantus.
such a, talis,
such . . . as, tantus . . .

quantus.
such, adv. J tam.
suddenly, subito.
suffer (loss), facio; (reverse)

accipio. /

suffered, be, use accido.
summer, aestas.
summon, arcesso, evoco.
superb, superl. of bonus.
supplies, copiae.
surely, profecto, sine dubio.
surpass, supero.
surrender, trado; in dedi-

tionem venio.
surround, circumvenio.
suspicion, suspicio.
sustain, sustineo.
Syracuse, Syracusae.

take, potior; (from) eripio;
(ship) conscendo.
take over, traduco.

96

Vocabulary

take ship, conscendo.

take this course, se ita

gerere.
Tarentom, Tarentum.
taught, be, use disco,
teach, doceo.
tell, dico, doceo, narro, ex-

pono, aperio.
tempest, tempestas.
temple, aedes, jtemplum.
ten, decern,
terrify, terreo.
testimony, testimonium,
than, quam; often translated

by abl.
thank, gratias ago.
thanks, gratiae; see render

thanks,
that, coryi., ut; vjith verb of

fearing J ne; with non

dubito, quin.
that no news, ne quid novi

(37).
that no one, ne quis.
that . . . not, with verb

of fearing y ut.
that, demon, pro., ille, is{

often translated by rel. at

beginning of sentence;

omitted in phrase Hhai of. '
that, rel. pro.y qui, quae, quod.
the, usually untranslated; is,

ille.
Thebans, the, Thebani.
Thebes, Thebae.
their, often omitted; eorum;

reflex., suus.

their country, patria.
their friends, reflex. ^ sui.
their own, reflex., suus in
emphatic position*
them; see they.
Themistocles, Themistocles.
themselves, ipsi; reflex., sui.
then, turn, deinde.
there, ibi, (motion) eo; at
beginning ofsenteru:e, often
ubi, (motion) quo.
therefore, itaque, igitur, quare,

quam ob rem.
thereupon, tum.
Thessaly, Thessalia.
they, often untranslated; ai
beginning of sentence,
sometimes qui; ei, illi, ipsi;
reflex., sui.
thing, things, often included
in Tievi. pro. or adj.; res.
thing(s) which, id quod, ea
quae,
think, puto, arbitror, existi-
mo, reor, sentio, credo,
cogito, habeo.
think of, cogito.
third, tertius.
thirty, triginta.

this, hie, is, ille; at begin-
ning of sentence, often
qui.
this latter, ille.
this same, idem,
this sort of, talis.
thoroughly, plane.
those; see that; omitted in such

Vocabulary

97

phrases as * there are those

who,*
though, quamquam, etsi, cum»

si; see as though and

just as though,
thousand (s), milia.
three, tres.
through, per and ace,
thus, ita, sic; quo modo,

itaque.
time, tempus; see second

time.
Tiro, Tiro.

to, conj.y ut; vrith foU. corn-
par., quo; rel. with subj.;

supine in -um; causa

v)ith gen,
to, prep., ad and in with ace.
to the house of, ad and ace.
to the interest of, be,

interest.
tomb, sepulchrum.
too, quoque.
top of, summus.
torture, cruciatus.
touch, tango,
toward, ad and ace.
town, oppidiim.
townspeople, oppidani.
treasure, thesaurus,
tree, arbor,
trial, iudicium.
tribe, natio, gens,
trireme, triremis.
true, see not true,
truly, vere.
trumpet, tuba.

truth, the, vera (neut. plu.).

try, Conor.

turn, convert©.

twenty, viginti.

two, duo.

tyrant, t3a'annus.

ultimately, postremo.
under, sub and aM.
undertake, suscipio.
unfortunate, miser,
unless, nisi,
untti, dum, donee; after negor

tive, priusquam.
unusual, insignis.
unwilling, be, nolo,
upon, in and ahl.; (motion) in

and ace.
upon it, beginning sentence,

ubi (39).
upper, superior,
upright, probus, probatus.
uprightness, probitas.
urge, hortor, oro.
use, utor.
used, be, soleo.
usually; use soleo.

Valerius, Valerius.

valley, valles.

valor, virtus.

value; omitted in translation.

venture, audeo.

Verres, Verres.

verse, versus.

98

Vocabulary

veiy, the, adj., ipse.

very one, the, idem.
veiy, adv. J vehementer.
Vesontio, Vesontio.
vessel, navis.
victim, hostia.
victory, victoria,
view, sententia.
vine, vitis.
Virtus, Virtus.
vow, n., votum.
vow, V.J voveo.

«

W ♦

wait, exspecto, moror.

wait for, exspecto.
wall, paries,
want, volo.
war, bellum.
warn, moneo.
watch, vigilia.
water, aqua,
way, modus.
wealth, opes.
weight, pondus.
what, compound rd.j (ea])

quae,
what, inter. f quid; quantus.

what sort of, qualis.
whatever, quicumque.
when, cum, postquam, ubi.
whence, unde.
where, ubi ; ( = * whence*) y unde;

(^'^ whither^), quo.
whereas, autem.
whereupon, turn.
wherever, omnibus locis ubi.

whether, num; utrum.

which, rel.y qui.

while, dum, cum; aut.em;

etsi.
who, inter., quis.
who, rel., qui.

who . . . not, quin (30).
whole, the whole, totus.
why, cur.
wicked, malus.
wickedness, improbitas, see-

lus.
wife, uxor,
will, testamentum.
willing, be, volo.
willingly, libenter.
win, pario, reporto.
wind, ventus.
winter, hiems.
wisdom, sapientia.
wise, sapiens. Cf. on this

wise, and in no wise,
wish, n.j voluntas.
wish, v., volo.
with, cum and abl.

with the idea of, causa,
withdraw, discedo, se recipere;

reduco.
without, sine and abl.
witness, testis.
woman, mulier.
wonderful, mirabilis, insignis.
woods, silva.
word, verbum.
work, opus,
worthy, dignus.
would that, utinam.

Vocabulary

99

wound, vulnero.
write, scribo; (letter) do.
writer, scriptor.
wrong, iniuria.

X

Xerxes, Xerxes.

year, annus.

yet, tamen, at, sed.

you, tu; often untranslcUed.

young man, iuvenis.

younger, minor.

your, vaster.

youth, adulescens, iuvenis.

K*.

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